Q1. To clone or to breed? Grieving pet owners may find the opportunity to clone a beloved dog too tantalizing to resist. Even so, many professional dog breeders and their organizations advise against cloning. Phil Buckley, a spokesperson for the Kennel Club in England, argues, “Canine cloning runs contrary to the Kennel Club's objective to promote in every way the general improvement of dogs." Explain why cloning cannot improve dog breeds.

Q2. You are the head of a government facing another year of a long drought and a serious risk of famine. Another nation has offered you a supply of genetically modified corn to feed your people. List two pros and two cons of accepting the aid. Decide whether you would accept it.

Q1. If all of today’s technology presently based on fossil fuel combustion were replaced by hydrogen fuel cells, significantly more H2O would be released into the environment. Is this of concern? Research other consequences that might be anticipated from switching to an economy powered by hydrogen, a so-called “hydrogen economy

Q2. Fossil fuels have been called “. . . Sun’s ancient investment on Earth.” Explain this statement to a friend who is not enrolled in your course.

Q3..- Why isn’t the electrolysis of water the best method to produce hydrogen gas?

Q1. Fructose, C6H12O6, is a carbohydrate.

a. Rewrite this chemical formula to demonstrate how a carbohydrate can be thought of as “carbon plus water.”

b. Draw the structural formula for any isomer of fructose.

c. Do you expect different isomers of fructose to have the same sweetness? Explain.

Q2. Explain to a friend why it is impossible to go on a highly advertised “all organic, chemical-free” diet.

Q1. When Styrofoam packing peanuts are immersed in acetone (the primary component in some nail-polish removers), they dissolve. If the acetone is allowed to evaporate, a solid remains. The solid still consists of Styrofoam, but now it is solid and much denser. Explain.

Q2. Consider Spectra (Allied-Signal Corporation’s HDPE fiber) used as liners for surgical gloves. Although the Spectra liner has a very high resistance to being cut, the polymer allows a surgeon to maintain a delicate sense of touch.

The interesting thing is that Spectra is linear HDPE, which is usually associated with being rigid and not very flexible.

a. Suggest a reason why branched LDPE cannot be used in this application.

b. Offer a molecular level reason for why linear HDPE is successful in this application.

Q3. When you try to stretch a piece of plastic bag, the length of the piece of plastic being pulled increases dramatically and the thickness decreases. Does the same thing happen when you pull on a piece of paper? Why or why not? Explain on a molecular level

Q4. A Teflon ear bone, fallopian tube, or heart valve? A Gore-Tex implant for the face or to repair a hernia?
Some polymers are biocompatible and now used to replace or repair body parts.

a. List four properties that would be desirable for polymers used within the human body

b. Other polymers may be used outside your body, but in close contact with it. For example, no surgeon is needed for you to use your contact lenses—you insert, remove, clean, and store them yourself. From which polymers are contact lenses made? What properties are desirable in these materials?

c. What is the difference in the material used in “hard” and “soft” contact lenses? How do the differences in properties affect the ease of wearing of contact lenses?

Q1. Name two ways in which one carbon atom can differ from another. Then name three ways in which all carbon atoms differ from all uranium atoms..

Q2. The representations 14N or 15N give more information than simply the chemical symbol N. Please explain.

Q3.
a. How many protons are in the nucleus of this isotope of *(239/94)plutonium: ?
b. The nuclei of all atoms of uranium contain 92 protons. Which elements have nuclei with 93 and 94 protons, respectively?
c. How many protons do the nuclei of radon-222 contain?

Q4. This schematic diagram represents the reactor core of a nuclear power plant.

Match each letter in the figure with one of these terms:
- fuel rods
- cooling water into the core
- cooling water out of the core
- control rod assembly
- control rods

Q1. 1. Explain why desalination techniques, despite proven technological effectiveness, are not used more widely to produce potable drinking water.

Q2. Some vitamins are water-soluble, whereas others are fat-soluble. Would you expect either or both to be polar compounds? Please explain

Q3. Here are examples of what an individual might do to reduce acid rain. For each, explain the connection to producing acid rain.

a. Hang your laundry to dry it.

b. Walk, bike, or take public transportation to work.

c. Avoid running dishwashers and washing machines with small loads.

d. Add additional insulation on hot water heaters and pipes.

e. Buy locally grown produce and locally produced food.

Q4. Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky (US) is in close proximity to the coal-fired electric utility plants in the Ohio Valley. Noting this, the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) reported that this national park had the poorest visibility of any in the country.

a. What is the connection between coal-fired plants and poor visibility?

b. The NPCA reported “the average rainfall in Mammoth Cave National Park is 10 times more acidic than natural.” From this information and that in your text, estimate the pH of rainfall in the park.

Q1. From personal experience, state whether these processes are endothermic or exothermic. Give a reason for each.
a. A charcoal briquette burns.
b. Water evaporates from your skin.
c. Ice melts.

Q2. Chemical explosions are very exothermic reactions. Describe the relative bond strengths in the reactants and products that would make for a good explosion.

Q3. How might you explain the difference between temperature and heat to a friend? Use some practical, everyday examples.?

Q4. A premium gasoline available at most stations has an octane rating of 98. What does that tell you about:
a. the knocking characteristics of this gasoline?
b. whether the fuel contains oxygenates?

Q1. If all of today’s technology presently based on fossil fuel combustion were replaced by hydrogen fuel cells, significantly more H2O would be released into the environment. Is this of concern? Research other consequences that might be anticipated from switching to an economy powered by hydrogen, a so-called “hydrogen economy

Q2. Fossil fuels have been called “. . . Sun’s ancient investment on Earth.” Explain this statement to a friend who is not enrolled in your course.

Q3..- Why isn’t the electrolysis of water the best method to produce hydrogen gas?

Q1. What is the particulate matter? Give three examples of particulate matter found in air. Explain the difference between PM2.5 and PM10 in terms of size and health effects.

Q2a. The concentration of argon in air is approximately 0.9%. Express this value in ppm.
b. The air exhaled from the lungs of a smoker has a concentration of 20–50 ppm CO. In contrast, air exhaled by non-smokers is 0–2 ppm CO. Express each concentration as a percent.
c. In a tropical rain forest, the water vapour concentration may reach 50,000 ppm. Express this as a percent.
d. In the dry polar regions, water vapour may be a mere 10 ppm. Express this as a percent.

Q3. Consider this representation of the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia (NH3).

a. Are the masses of reactants and products the same?
b. In a tropical rain forest, the water vapour concentration may reach 50,000 ppm. Express this as a percent.
c. Are the total number of atoms in the reactants and the total number of atoms in the products the same?

Q4. A certain city has an ozone reading of 0.13 ppm for 1 hour, and the permissible limit is 0.12 for that time. You have the choice of reporting that the city has exceeded the ozone limit by 0.01 ppm or saying that it has exceeded the limit by 8%. Compare these two methods of reporting.

Q5. Do pedestrians Inhale Less Pollution than Passengers?

Q6.