Second language learning in adults may happen in a naturalistic or formal classroom setting. A naturalistic way would be within a target language speech community although this is usually rare. More commonly seen is learning in a formal classroom setting. Adults usually receive explicit instructions and less input while children tend to receive more “enjoyable” language activities (Nikolov, 2009). Also in classroom contexts, adults are usually required to talk and learn. They do not go through the same learning stages children do and they are less likely to go through the silent period children do (Stewart, 2003). In naturalistic contexts, adults are usually forced to communicate for survival. For example when a refugee flees to another country, he is forced to adapt to their language and is able to because of his need and motivation. The other factors will be discussed in the following sections.

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