The most common desalination techniques are distillation and reverse osmosis. It requires energy for both techniques to remove salts from seawater. Hence, the techniques are inherently expensive. If there is a cheaper alternative available (for example: buying fresh water from other sources), the cheaper alternative will be considered. Thus, the reason why desalination techniques are not used widely is because of its expensive cost.

To be water-soluble, the solute has to be polar as well since water is in polar form. Thus, soluble vitamins are polar. However, being fat-soluble means the solute is not polar. Therefore, fat-soluble compounds, such as lipids, are not soluble as they cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

a. Instead of using a washing machine to dry laundry, no additional energy is used to dry the clothes which will reduce the nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions.

b. This will reduce the number of vehicles on the road, thus reducing nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions.

c. When we avoid running dishwashers and washing machines with small loads, we are saving huge amount of water and electricity. Since sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are produced by electric powered generator, we are reducing its emissions.

d. It prevents heat loss and reduces the amount of energy to be produced.

e.This will reduce the transportation to Singapore and it will reduce the emissions of pollutants produced by transportation.

Coal plants release huge amount of water vapor along with the combustion process. The hydrogen and carbon in the coal make at least twice the amount of water vapor as the coal burnt. When the water vapor cooled in the Hill Forest area of this national park, the water vapor will become fog (formation of droplets of liquid/solid particles suspended in the air). The fog will not absorb sunlight and will instead reflect it. This reduces the visibility.

b. Since the neutral PH of rain is 7 and being 10 times more acidic will reduce PH by 1, the PH of rainfall in park will be 6.

High energy impact, which relates to high cost of operation, as well as increased burning of fossil fuels. Making it less competitively priced that other alternatives.

Water soluble vitamins are polar compounds, while fat soluble vitamins are non polar.
Applying the ‘like dissolves like’ principle. For instance, water soluble vitamins are only able to dissolve in polar solvent such as water while fat soluble vitamin are only able to dissolve in non-polar solvent (organic solvent) such as hexane. QED.

(a) Dryers are major consumers of electricity in the home. Hence, hanging laundry out to dry reduces the amount of electricity consumed, which in turn reduces reduces the burning of fossil fuels, consequently reducing SOx and NOx and acid rain.

(b) Reducing production of SOx and NOx.

(c) Dishwashers are major consumers of electricity in the home. Hence, not using the dishwasher reduces reduces the burning of fossil fuels, consequently reducing SOx and NOx and acid rain.

(d) Reduce heat loss, hence reducing the amount of electricity consumed, which in turn reduces reduces the burning of fossil fuels, consequently reducing SOx and NOx and acid rain.

(e) Reducing Air and sea transportation for produce by buying local produce reduces the burning of fossil fuels, consequently reducing SOx and NOx and acid rain.

Coal fired electricity unitility plans produce hight amounts of SOx , which will be converted to Sulphuric acid when in contact with water vapour in the atmosphere and remains suspended. This reflects lights hence causing poor visibility and acid rain.

pH about 4.3.

Desalination is not a fail safe process and carries many environmental repercussions. Desalination requires pre-treatment and cleaning chemicals are added to the water for efficiency and success. Chemicals include: chlorine hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, which can only be used for a limited time, once it loses the ability to clean the water, the chemicals are dumped, which causes environmental concerns. By products of chemicals used in desalination can get through into ‘pure water’ and endanger people who drink it. Futhurmore, it can be acidic to both pipes and digestive systems. It is more costly than reverse osmosis and less effective than reverse osmosis.

Either of them are polar. Vitamins that are water soluble have hydrogen bonds between water molecules and the H-O, H-N sites of the vitamins. Hence, the molecule is most likely polar due to the H-O bonds and H-N bonds. Vitamins that are fat soluble are non-polar compounds because the major group in fatty acid fats is the alkyl chain which can exhibit van de waals forces with other alkyl, non-polar groups, hence they are fat soluble and is non-polar vitamins. Like dissolves like. Water: polar therefore vitamins that are water soluble are polar. Oil: non-polar, therefore vitamins that are fat soluble are non-polar.

A,C,D: decrease electicity usage –> decrease amount of fossil fuels burtn –> decrease emissions of Nox and SOx –> decrease acid rain
B,E: decrease pollutant emission from transportation –> decreaseNOx and SOx –> decrease acid rain

(a) Coal fired plants emit a lot of harmful sulfate, carbon and nitrate particles. Soot, a type of carbon particle is also released. These particles tend to absorb light rather than scatter them, resulting in poor visibility as such particles build up in our environment. Small droplets of SO3
(b) PH=4 since every decrease in PH by 1 is equals to the increase of hydronium ions by 10 times. Normal rain water PH = 5.6

Desalination is expensive, environmentally damaging and is only viable for coastal communities. it is also not very efficient, and usually used by developed countries.

Water-soluble vitamins are usually polar in nature, and is compatible with polar water molecules to form hydrogen bonding, thus is soluble in water. Fat-soluble vitamins are non-polar in nature, making it compatible with non-polar solvents such as fats.

a. Hanging laundry instead of using the dryer will use no electricity , thus reducing energy consumption.

b. Walk, bike and public transportation prevents unnecessary emissions of NOx and SOx from vehicles.

c. This reduces the energy consumption, thus, burning less coal/fossil fuels for electricity, reducing NOx and SOx.

d. This reduces heat loss to surroundings and increase efficiency.

e. Reduces the need for import, thus less fuel is burnt for transportation, reducing NOx and SOx emissions.

a. Soot produced by coal-fired plants reduces visibility. Small droplets of SO3 smogs also reduces visibility

b. ~pH 4.6
Since natural pH of rain is 5.6. For every 10 times increase in H+ will lead to a decrease of 1 pH unit.

Desalination requires large amount of energy to operate and it is costly to operate as the output of drinking water is small as compared to the energy used.

Water-soluble vitamins are polar as it can form hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) that allow the vitamins to dissolve into the water.

Fat-soluble vitamins are non-polar as it cannot form H-bonds with water due to it containing mostly hydrocarbon chains.

a) Using a dryer requires electricity that is produced from burning coal to spin the turbines connected to a generator. Burning coal produces sulphur oxides (SOx) that will react with water in clouds to produce acid rain.

b) It reduces the total vehicle exhaust produced as walk and biking does not produce any harmful emission and public transport decreases the amount of emission by decreasing the people to emission ratio. Vehicle emission consists nitrogen oxides (NOx) and SOx that will react with water to form acid rain.

c) It helps in save electricity which in turns lowers the amount of SOx produced from the coal-powered power plants. Decrease in SOx in atmosphere, decreases the formation of acid rain.

d) Adding insulation prevents heat from escaping into the surroundings and thus lowering the amount of electricity used. This indirectly decrease the SOx released from coal-powered power plants which decrease the formation of acid rain.

e) It reduces the use of transportation as there is less need to import food which in turn reduces vehicle emissions of NOx and SOx. This will lead to a decrease in the formation of acid rain.

a) Coal-fired plants produces SOx that will react with water in air to form tiny sulfuric acid droplets. They also produces soot and other particulates from the burning of coal. These droplets and particles form aerosols that do not absorb the sunlight they reflect, thus decreasing visibility.

b) Acidity comes from the [H+] ions and pH is -log[H+], so an increase of 10 times in acidity is pH decreasing by 1. Since the normal pH of rain is around 5, the pH of rainfall in the park would be around 4.

Desalination it not widely used due to its energy consumption. It burns up a lot of energy than sourcing equivalent amount of fresh water from fresh water bottles. Also, the process is very expensive and the residue produced is saline brine which needs to disperse without causing environmental problem. It has an adverse effects on coastal/marine life.

For water-soluble vitamins, we expect it to be polar compounds as “like dissolve like”. Since water itself is polar,these vitamins that are water-soluble too are polar.
For fat-soluble vitamin, they are not polar thus those vitamins that are fat-soluble will not be polar compounds.

a) Compared to using of clothes dryer, hanging laundry helps to reduce the use of electrical energy. Therefore, less is needed for burning of fossil fuel for energy production that result in decrease of sulfur dioxide being produce. Overall, reduce acid rain.
b) There will be reduce amount of NOx emission from power plants, vehicles, fossil fuel combustion thus reduce acid rain.
c) Wastage of electricity should accumulate into larger load. As using electricity requires burning of fossil fuels, avoiding using dishwashers and washing machines for small loads will reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide being produce thus reduce acid rain.
d) This is to prevent heat loss so less energy is needed so as less needed for burning fossil fuel and sulfur dioxide produce is reduce which in turn reduce acid rain.
e) There will be reduce in the need for transportation which will reduce in the amount of NOx emission thus reduce acid rain.

a) The burning of coal leads to production of sulfur dioxide. Once in the air, sulfur dioxide can react with oxygen molecules to form sulfur trioxide.
These Sox react with water to form acids. e.g SO2 (g) + H2O (l) -> H2SO3 (aq)
Such molecules of acid can form tiny droplets. These droplets form aerosols that do not absorb sunlight and instead they reflect it hence reduce visibility.

b)Usual pH of rain is 5 to 6. Therefore 10 times increase in acidity result in range of about 4 to 5.

It is expensive as lots of energy is required.
The residue will pollute the ocean which result is high concentration of salt,hence affect the salinity of the ocean and the ecosystem.

Water soluble vitamins are polar. As like dissolve likes, it is soluble in water. It can form hydrogen bond with water and thus dissolve in water.
Fat soluble vitamins are non polar thus it can’t dissolve in water. It can’t form hydrogen bond with water thus it is not soluble.

A) reduce energy consumption thus less SO2 is produce. Production of SO2 will result in acid rain.
B) reduce usage of transportation fuel thus less No2 is produce. At the same time there will be lesser cars on the road thus less NOx is emmited.
C) reduce usage of electricity thus less SO2 is emmited. Reduce usage of water thus lesser energy is required to clean the water
D) insulation help to retain heat hence lesser energy is required to maintain the temperature.
E) save up on transport thus reduce NOx emission

A) coal fired electric field will produce dust which will reflect light, causing low visibility. The situation will worsen by the presence of valleys which prevent dispersion of dust.
B) unpolluted rain- pH 5.6
10 times more- pH 4.6

Required a lot of energy, expensive.
Not efficient (1% of water requires 12500 plants)

Either. Polar compounds are only water soluble and they are likely to contain more OH bonds which are polar.
Fat soluble compounds contain C-H bonds that are non polar

A. Will not use electrical appliances to dry laundry (less sulfur dioxidde, Carbon dioxide and other products)
B and e. Reduce carbon dioxide footprints by using less vehicles to transport.
D. Reduce energy used to heat the water
C. More efficient, save water and electricity

A. Coal fired electric will produce dust and dust will reflect light and hence resulting in low visibility. In addition valleys prevents the dispersion of dust which cause low visibility as well.

B. 4

– Carries many environmental repercussions:

1. Desalination requires pre-treatment and cleaning chemicals, e.g. Cl, HCl acid and hydrogen peroxide. Once they lose the ability to clean water, the chemicals are disposed. Chemicals find their way back to ocean which will poison the aquatic plants and animals.

2. Energy-consuming. Other water treatments are more energy-efficient.

3. Slow process

4. Not fail-safe. It can be harmful to human health as by-products of the chemicals used may get into the water and endanger people who drink it.

Water is a polar molecule with the positive charges on one side and negative on the other. As the vitamins are water-soluble, they are polar compounds as like dissolves like. Hence polar vitamins dissolve in polar aqueous solution.

Fat is non-polar. Hence, vitamins that are fat soluble are non-polar compounds.

a) Saving energy. Release less harmful chemicals/by-products into environment

b) Minimise NOx production by vehicles. Reduce environmental pollution

c) Minimise SOx from the burning of coal to provide electricity for the machines

d) Less energy required to continuously heat up the water. Less amount of pollutants released into atmosphere.

e) Less pollutants as the amount of transport required is reduced.

a) When burning coal, tiny particles are released into the air that do not absorb sunlight but reflect it instead, reducing visibility.

b) Around pH 4-5

It is an extremely expensive process, not to mention the huge amount of energy required. The entire process yields a less than desirable amount of potable drinking water, all in all, desalination is an unsustainable and inefficient technique in producing potable water. Desalination is also shunned because of the environmental costs (wanton disposable of concentrated wastes impacting the local ecosystems) and the exacerbation of greenhouse gas emissions (from the large energy demand) generated.

Water soluble vitamins are polar and fat soluble vitamins are non polar. “Like” dissolves “Like”, in essence, polar molecules will combine with other polar molecules and vice versa. Water, being polar, is naturally able to dissolve its polar counterpart- the water soluble vitamin. Fat soluble vitamins are not polar, because they contain mostly Carbon and Hydrogen.

a. By hanging your laundry, you reduce the need to use the dryer. As dryer consumes electricity, the reduction of use of dryer can help reduce the use of electricity. Since electricity is produced via the burning of fossil fuel, hanging your laundry out to dry can indirectly help to reduce the emission of oxides of sulfur, which causes acid rain.

b. Walking, biking, or taking public transportation to work can help to reduce the emission of oxides of nitrogen. This is because the high temperature in car engines causes the combustion of nitrogen which produces oxides of nitrogen. With the reduction of usage of fuel dependent vehicles, the amount of oxides of nitrogen produced will decrease. Hence, a reduction in an acid rain occurrence.

c. Such activities reduces the consumption of electricity. Since electricity is produced via the burning of fossil fuel, reducing the consumption of electricity can indirectly help to reduce the emission of oxides of sulfur, which causes acid rain.

d. Adding extra insulation enables one to reduce on electricity during winter. Hot water heaters consumes electricity, but extra insulation would mean that the usage of such heating equipment is less frequent. Since electricity is produced via the burning of fossil fuel, reducing the consumption of electricity can indirectly help to reduce the emission of oxides of sulfur, which causes acid rain.

e. Buying locally grown produce goes a long way in reducing pollutants from trains, planes, trucks etc with the decline in shipping overseas produce. With the reduction of usage of fuel dependent vehicles, the amount of oxides of nitrogen produced will decrease. Hence, a reduction in an acid rain occurrence.

a. The coal fired plants release huge volume of water vapour in the combustion process. The water vapour is eventually cooled in the hilly forest, which gradually becomes visible, resembling fog, decreasing visibility. Additionally, SO3 is released in the combustion process, these cluster to form small droplets, creating smog, further reducing visibility.

b. Assume that the natural pH is 7.
When the acidic level is 10 times stronger => this corresponds to a decrease by 1 pH.
So the new pH is 6.