1. high energy consumption, thus energy cost is too high for it to be a long term and sustainable solution.
2. costs a lot of money, thus is not easily affordable.
3. produces a large amount of carbon emission, thus damaging the atmosphere and ozone layer.

water soluble vitamins: polar compounds, since water (H20) is polar, polar can dissolve in polar).
fat soluble vitamins: non-polar compound

a. doesn’t lead to any emission of fuels
b. less vehicles = less emission of harmful chemicals
c. less electricity = less burning of fuels = less emission of harmful gases
d. increase efficiency of power used = less usage of fuels
e. no transportation of goods required = less emission of NO2

a. coal plants release huge amount of water vapour, which when cooled becomes visible as fog. When the temperature is cooler at night, it leads to fog formation and cooler day temperature makes it lasts longer.
b. Average pH of rain is neutral = ph7, thus if acid level is 10 times stronger, it is equal to 1pH. The estimated pH of rainfall in the park should be pH6.

Desalination is expensive, and uses large amounts of energy. Not only is this an inefficient allocation of resources, the environment will be negatively impacted as well, such as the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Also, the natural habitat of marine life will be disturbed, thus affecting the ocean’s biodiversity.

Like dissolves like. Since water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water, a polar solvent, we can deduce them to be polar compounds. Likewise, since fat-soluble vitamins are soluble in non-polar solvents like fatty tissues, we can expect them to be non-polar compounds.

a. This reduces consumption of electricity that reduces the burning of fuel, releasing less sulphur/sulphur dioxide.
b. This reduces usage of vehicles, reducing combustion of fuel that will release less nitrogen/nitrogen dioxide.
c. This allows for more effective usage of energy, reducing unnecessary burning of fuel that thus releases less sulphur/sulphurs dioxide.
d. Less energy will be required to heat up the water/keep it heated, reducing electrical consumption and thus the amount of sulphur/sulphur dioxide released.
e. This cuts down the need for transportation (e.g airplanes) for imported food, reducing the energy used and thus the amount of nitrogen/nitrogen dioxide released.

All in all, the reduction in electrical consumption and need for transportation will reduce the amount of sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide, that reduces production of acid rain.

a. Coal-fired plants produce soot when fossil fuels are burned.
b. The natural pH of rainfall is pH~5,6. Hence, if the pH is 10 times more acidic than natural, the estimated pH will be pH~4,5.

One of the processes involved in desalination is distillation. Distillation is not a good technique to produce potable drinking water because distillation technique removes salts completely thus creating pure water. Drinking water that we use usually contains mineral, so it is not really a good process for drinking usage. Distillation is also very costly and requires large amount of energy and resources.

If it is water-soluble, it is a polar compound because polar solute dissolves in polar solvent. Fat-soluble compounds is non-polar and dissolves in non-polar solvents.

For a, b, c& d, it concerns the methodologies on reducing electricity consumption. With lesser electricity consumed, power plants would burn lesser fuel to spin the turbine for electricity. Lesser fuel burnt means lesser emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides which are key sources of acid rain production.

For e, it takes a large amount of energy for fuel to travel from “field to plate” if food were imported. Buying locally grown produce and produced food reduces the amount of energy consumed on transportation and means less burning of fossil fuels where its by-products would lead to acid rain.

a. Coal-fired plants produce lots of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides and also produce smoke and particulate matter which causes haze.

b. pH would be about 5 because natural rain has an estimated pH of 6

It is due to desalination techniques involving high cost and high amount of energy consumption. Residue produced is very saline brine, which needs proper disposal without causing environmental harm.

Vitamins are either water-soluble (Vitamin B & C) or fat-soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, K), depending on their molecular structures. Water-soluble vitamins have many polar groups and are this soluble in polar solvents such as water. Fat-soluble vitamins are predominantly non-polar and hence are soluble in non-polar solvent. (“Like dissolves like”)

Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compound like SO2 and NO2 are released into the air and reacts with water.
Answer for a, c, d: Reduces SOx emission –> Reduces electricity consumption, thus reducing SOx emissions
Answer for b & e: Reduces NOx emission –> Reduces transportation and fuel combustion, thus reducing NOx emissions.

a. Coal-fired plants produces SO2 which dissolves in H2O present in air forming H2SO4. H2SO4 tiny droplet forms aerosol which does not absorb sunlight, but reflects it instead which results in fog formation and poor visibility.
b. The normal rain pH is about 5.3. Thus, 10 times more acidic refers to 10 times more H+ ions present, which is 1pH lesser. Therefore, the estimated pH of the rainfall in the park is 4.3.

1) Expensive, high cost
2) Not an efficient process, low output yield
3) Desalination has saline, brine by-products which must be disposed off properly

Fat-soluble vitamins would be hydrophobic, and unable to dissolve in water, hence it is non-polar. Anything that is of non-polar nature will be dissolved by non-polar solvents.

Water-soluble vitamins dissolves in water, and would be polar since “like dissolves like”.

a) Less electricity and power consumed, so less SO2 produced, causing less acid rain.
b) Less NO2 omission from vehicles, thus less acid rain.
c) Avoiding small loads is a more efficient use of electricity, less SO2 produced as compared to multiple loads.
d) Reduction of energy wastage for example, in heat escaping.
e) Minimal energy used to obtain same item, as compared to the transportation, packing etc. from distant countries

a) Sulfate particles produced from coal-fired electric utility plants, when in humid environments, are effective in scattering light. Thus, reducing visibility.

b) Estimated pH value of 4-5.

Reasons:

– The process is costly/expensive and requires a lot of energy.

– The desalination’s briny waste stream pollutes the ocean, which may lead to the destruction of local ecosystems.

– Quantity of water produced through desalination techniques is not as great.( low output and hence, not efficient )

Water-soluble vitamins are expected to be polar compounds while fat-soluble vitamins are expected to be non-polar compounds.

Only polar compounds are able to dissolve in polar solvents like water. Water-soluble vitamins have polar groups and hence, are soluble in polar solvents. Fat-soluble compounds are non-polar and are only soluble in Lipids.

a: Hanging your laundry is a natural way to dry clothes (instead of using a dryer which consumes electricity and energy)

b: By choosing to walk, bike or take public transportation instead of driving cars, it reduces NOx and SO2 emissions

c: Energy efficiency. Running dishwashers and washing machines with small loads is energy-inefficient

d: This minimizes heat loss, which helps to conserve energy

e: Saves shipping cost. It will also lessen the use of transport and reduce emissions

a. Burning coal will produce SO2 and SO3, forming acids when dissolved in water. Sulphuric acid will form tiny droplets and these droplets do not absorb sunlight. They reflect it, inducing visibility.

b. Carbonic acid dissociates slightly, leading to rain with a pH of 5.3
10 times more acidic of pH 5.3 will be pH 4.3

Desalination techniques are too energy consuming and thus costly for most countries. Additionally, using fuels to produce potable drinking water is not environmentally friendly.

We would expect water-soluble vitamins to be polar compounds and fat-soluble vitamins to be non-polar compounds.

Hydrogen bonding occurs in polar compounds between an atom bearing a partial positive charge in one molecule and an atom bearing a partial negative charge in a neighbouring molecule. H atoms must be bonded to an O, N or F atom.

In non-polar compounds, there are no atoms with partial charges. Hence, hydrogen bonding is unable to occur.

a. Instead of using a dryer which utilizes electricity, hanging the laundry helps to reduce the severity of acid rain. Electricity comes from power plants which produce sulfur oxide, which is one of the main causes of acid rain.

b. Car exhaust gives off nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide and very little sulfates, contributing to acid rain.

c. This will amount to less usage of the machines which reduces electricity used which would then reduce the amount of electricity that the power plants need to generate. Power plants give off sulfur oxide which causes acid rain.

d. If additional insulation is used, electricity efficiency of heating goes up leading to less power needed to be generated by the power plants which leads to lesser acidity in rain.

e. By buying locally grown produce and food, we can cut down on transportation which produces nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide and sulfates which contribute to acid rain.

a. Coal-fired plants produce a lot of smoke, thus contributing to poor visibility.

b. Since the pH of natural rainfall is 5.6, if it is 10 times more acidic than natural rainfall, the pH would be 4.6 as pH is a logarithmic scale.

– energy cost: uses an enormous amount of energy
– expense: costly
– waste: large amount of waste to be disposed of

Water soluble vitamins are supposed to be polar whereas fat soluble vitamins are generally non-polar. When solute and solvents have similar internolecular interactions, they tend to be more soluble in one another. Hence when water soluble vitamins are taken, it can be easily dissipated from human body thought perspiration or urine. On the other hand, fat soluble vitamins will help our body to accumulate the vitamins as it will not be attracted by the water soluble compounds in our body.

A. Hanging the laundry instead of using a dryer helps to reduce energy consumption.
B. This will reduce the amount of carbon emission and fuel consumption.
C.This will reduce the amount of energy consumption
D. This will increase the energy efficiency and hence requires less energy consumption
E. Large amount of fuels is needed to import and export food. Buying domestically produced food will reduce the need for high fuel consumption .

Energy and fuel consumption results in SO2 and NOx that cause acid rain when react with water .

A. Coal fired plants result in high sulfer dioxide emissions. The sulfate particles form in the air sulfer dioxide gas. In a humid environment, the sulfer particles grow rapidly to a size that is efficient at scattering light, causing haze and hence poor visibility .

B. Rain naturally has a ph between 5 and 6. This is because CO2 in the atmosphere dissolves in a slight extent in the water, causing reaction into a slightly acidic solution of carbonic acid. With the additional sulfer dioxide in the environment, the rainfall will have increase in acidity. Hence this will result in an acidity of ph4.3.

The techniques mainly used nowadays are reverse osmosis and distillation. Both of these techniques require a lot of energy and is thus, expensive to use. It is cheaper to find freshwater and then transport it out. Thus, desalination techniques is not widely used as it is not economic and efficient-friendly.

Water-soluble vitamins are polar and fat-soluble vitamins are non-polar compounds. This is because ‘like dissolves like’. Water is polar and therefore water-soluble vitamins are polar.

a) Instead of using a dryer, it helps to reduce the electricity usage.
b) Instead of driving, it helps to reduce carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides emissions.
c) This will help to reduce electricity consumption when the dishwashers and washing machines are run with bigger loads.
d) The insulation will help to keep the water hot, thus reducing electricity consumption.
e) This is reduce the need for transportation of the food, thus reducing carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides emissions.

a)Coal fired plants will churn out smoke and small droplets of SO3, which leads to poor visibility
b)The pH is around 4.5. The pH of natural rain is 5.5. And since the rain is 10 times more acidic, it’s pH is 1 unit lower.

-Desalination requires large amount of energy.
-It is expensive.
-It produces saline brine as residue.
-The process can be complicated.

-Water soluble vitamins are polar compounds. They have polar groups and hence are able to dissolve in polar solvent such as water.
-Fat-soluble vitamins are non-polar compounds. They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as fatty tissue in the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are predominantly non-polar.

Generating electricity from sources such as coal will produce sulfur oxides, which can cause acid rain. Using transportation vehicles can generate sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which can also cause acid rain.

a)Reduce the use of electrical dryer, hence reduce electrical consumption.
b)Reduce the use of private transportation, hence reducing SO2 and NO2 emission.
c)Reduce electrical consumption.
d)Reduce heat loss from the heaters and pipes, hence reducing electrical consumption for heat generation.
e)Less transportation is needed to transport food from one country to another.

a) Coal-fired plants will produce and emit pollutants such as soot, which reduces visibility in the vicinity of the plant.

b) A 10 times increase in acidity translate to a decrease in pH of 1. Since the pH of natural rain is around 5.6, the pH of the rainfall in the park is estimated to be 4.6.