Cloning doesn’t lead to any accumulation of better genes for survival as it does not encourage genetic variation which is a requirement for natural selection in the evolution process.

Pros:
1. Solve the problem of famine as a higher yield can be produced.
2. Corn can be kept for a longer period of time.

Cons:
1. It upsets the natural balance of the ecosystem.
2. Some people might be allergic to the newly inserted gene in the genetically modified corn.

We would accept it because it is a problem that requires immediate action to be taken even though there are some ethical implications.

a) C6H12O6 could be seen as CnH2nOn, where n is 6. This can be seen as Cn (H2O)n which makes it seem like carbonx6 plus water (H2O)x6

b) (please see the hardcopy)

c) Yes. The isomers have same chemical formula but different structures, which form different linkages, resulting in different carbohydrates. Different carbohydrates are likely to have different sweetness levels.

There is no such thing as chemical-free food.
Technically, all organic matter are also chemical compounds that can be broken down to their elements. Organic implies natural substances, and chemical would imply man-made substances to a layman.
However, in chemistry, chemicals would also include all matter, including organic food.

A chemical by definition is a molecular compound and everything is a molecule of a kind. There may be different labels between man-made or nature-source, but both are under chemicals.
If something is toxic, it is toxic because of its chemical properties, not because it is a chemical. Sugar from natural sugar canes are fructose, a chemical compound, but still considered organic.

Since styrofoam is made of foaming agent, when acetone is added to it, the air in the foam will be released resulting in the styrofoam to harden and is now more dense.

a) Branched LDPE is not very strong.

b) Although dispersion forces are weak, they are extensive in terms of surface area. Linear HDPE is more flexible and this allows molecules to slip past one another and HDPE is able to stretch.

Molecular structure of paper is comparable to that of cellulose. The weak intermolecular forces and intramolecular hydrogen bonds will allow the molecules to slide pass one another in plastics. Whereas, dispersion forces present in paper does not allow the paper to stretch. Instead, they tear when pulled apart.

a) The four general properties of polymers are non-toxic, lack of reactivity with body fluid, durability, non-degradable.

b) Poly(methyl methacrylate) in short, PMMA. Desirable properties include transparency, does not break easily, light weight and comfortable to wear.

c) PMMA or silicon-based polymers was used for older versions of hard contact lens, and the key characteristic is that it is not gas permeable which means that there must be ways to ensure the eyes still received a constant supply of oxygen. The way is to induce natural tears and this is done by making the lenses smaller, not as fitting, in order to introduce oxygen and tears to wash, hence increasing discomfort too.

1. isotopes, same number of protons but different number of neutrons
2. number of electrons, the charge of the atom can be different

carbon vs uranium
1. no. of protons
2. no. of neutrons
3. no. of electrons

14N and 15N tells us that their mass numbers(number of protons + number of neutrons) are 14 and 15 respectively. this shows that they are isotopes of N.

a. 94
b. Neptunium(Np) has 93 protons. Plutonium(Pu) has 94 protons.
c. radon-222 has 86 protons.

A. Control rod
B. Cooling water out of core
C. Control rod assembly
D. Cooling water into core
E. Fuel rods

Desalination techniques include reverse osmosis, and distillation. The main reason why they are not widely used in the industrial scale is because it is highly expensive, and has a large energy consumption. The output(pure water) produced is much lesser than the input(seawater), hence it is not very energy efficient.

Water-soluble vitamins are expected to be polar as it allows for hydrogen bonding between water molecules and vitamin molecules.

Fat-soluble vitamins are expected not to be polar compounds as they cannot dissolve in water hence should not be able to form hydrogen bonds with water.

a. A clothes dryer consumes a large amount of energy. Hanging clothes to dry instead of using a clothes dryer reduces the need for production of energy, hence energy factories can produce lesser, leading to lesser pollutants expelled.

b. Vehicles contribute to air pollution through the emissions of nitrous and sulfur oxides. By walking, riding a bike or taking public transport, we can reduce the number of vehicles on the road, hence reducing the amount of pollutants.

c. Washing machines and dishwashers use the same amount of energy no matter the amount of load inside. Having small loads thus causes wastage of energy. Current sources of energy production include thermal power plants, which burn coal. This process produces air pollutants.

d. Energy is consumed in water heaters. As water is travelling through pipes or stored, the heat can be dissipated into the surroundings, leading to extra unnecessary usage of energy to reheat the water. Insulating the pipes and heater helps reduce the rate of heat dissipation.

e. Importing goods require shipping by air. Airplanes are one of the biggest contributors of air pollution.

a. Coal plants produces large amount of smoke through their chimney vents, expelling it in to the atmosphere. This smoke contains many non-gaseous particles, which block out incoming sunlight, hence reducing visibility.

b. Natural rainfall has a pH within a range of 5-5.5. As such, the rainfall in the park is estimated to be in a range of 4-4.5.

(a) Exothermic. Combustion reaction releases heat

(b) Endothermic. Water in liquid state absorbs energy to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules to form water in gaseous state

(c) Endothermic. Heat is absorbed to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules in solid state to form liquid state water.

The reactants must have a much higher bond strength than its product so that the reaction will release a large amount of energy to cause a good explosion.

Heat is the total energy possessed by the molecules in a piece of matter while Temperature is the average kinetic energy of a single particle in a system per unit of space.

Take for example,
A small bottle of drinking water might have the same temperature as a large pot of water, but the pot of water has more heat compared to the small bottle of drinking water as the large pot of water has more water and hence more total thermal energy.

(a) It tells me that since gasoline has an octane rating of 98, it is very prone to knocking hence it will have higher efficiency to ignite the fuel.

(b) It tells me that the fuel contains quite a high amount of oxygenates.