Cloning cannot be used to make improvements as the technique simply produces genetic replicas of existing dogs. There also won’t be genetic diversity, making the dogs more susceptible to certain infections.

Pros:
1) Can withstand the drought conditions.
2) Can be engineered to stay fresher for longer to improve shelf life.

Cons:
1)Would owe a debt to the other nation and would need to return the favour in the future.
2) Harm the ecosystem and lower biodiversity level.

Hydrogen storage and transport might risk an explosion if there is a leak. Water vapour is also a greenhouse gas, significantly more H2O released would add on to the greenhouse effect.

Fossil fuels were formed as the result of photosynthetic processes that take place hundreds of millions of years ago. Solar energy was a necessary ingredient in the formation, so the energy that is stored in chemical bonds on fossil fuels originally was invested from the Sun.

Efficiency of producing hydrogen by electrolysis is 70-80%, whereas burning hydrogen of efficiency of 85% yields heat with overall efficiency of 60-70%. Therefore, it would be inefficient and wasteful.

a. (CH2O)6

b. Refer to hard copy.

c. No. They have different sweetness as different structural isomers have different physical properties.

Chemical-free food is impossible to obtain as the soil and crops have naturally occurring chemicals which might be equally dangerous as industrial chemicals like pesticides. Hence, pesticide-free crops might also have harmful chemicals.

Transportation of organic food from farmlands to highly urbanised cities might have an extremely high carbon footprint, which will greatly damage the environment.

Gas of the foaming agent in the styrofoam escapes upon dissolving it in acetone. This causes the polymer to collapse. As the gas is removed, the polymer becomes denser.

a. LDPE does not have the required strength because of its structure.

b. The straight chains of linear HDPE provides the required strength to surgical gloves so no medical instrument pierces through. However, a thin lining of HDPE chains allows the material to be flexible as well.

Plastic bags are made of LDPE which are very branched polymer at a molecular level. This causes their structure to be highly amorphous. Stretching out plastic forces the polymer chains to align along the axis of the stretch, such that it becomes more regularly arranged and thus obtaining a more crystalline structure. Paper is made of cellulose which has a highly crystalline structure, thus it cannot be stretched like plastic.

1. Easy to mould
2. Non-toxic
3. High chemical resistance/ chemically inert
4. Hydrophilic

Carbon atoms can differ in number of neutrons (Carbon-12 vs Carbon-13) and electrons.
Carbon and uranium have different number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

14N represents Nitrogen. 15N is the heavier isotope in terms of mass as compared to 14N. 14N/ 15N have different mass numbers, meaning that they have different number of neutrons.

a. 94 protons.
b. 93 protons – Neptunium
94 protons – Plutonium
c. 86 protons

A: Control rod assembly
B: Cooling water out of the core
C: Control rods
D: Cooling water into the core
E: Fuel rods

It is due to desalination techniques involving high cost and high amount of energy consumption. Residue produced is very saline brine, which needs proper disposal without causing environmental harm.

Vitamins are either water-soluble (Vitamin B & C) or fat-soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, K), depending on their molecular structures. Water-soluble vitamins have many polar groups and are this soluble in polar solvents such as water. Fat-soluble vitamins are predominantly non-polar and hence are soluble in non-polar solvent. (“Like dissolves like”)

Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compound like SO2 and NO2 are released into the air and reacts with water.
Answer for a, c, d: Reduces SOx emission –> Reduces electricity consumption, thus reducing SOx emissions
Answer for b & e: Reduces NOx emission –> Reduces transportation and fuel combustion, thus reducing NOx emissions.

a. Coal-fired plants produces SO2 which dissolves in H2O present in air forming H2SO4. H2SO4 tiny droplet forms aerosol which does not absorb sunlight, but reflects it instead which results in fog formation and poor visibility.
b. The normal rain pH is about 5.3. Thus, 10 times more acidic refers to 10 times more H+ ions present, which is 1pH lesser. Therefore, the estimated pH of the rainfall in the park is 4.3.

a. Exothermic. Burning involves combustion with oxygen, energy is released.

b. Endothermic. Water absorbs energy from the skin to break the hydrogen bonds and evaporate.

c. Endothermic. Ice absorbs energy from the surroundings to change from solid to liquid state
– Hydrogen bond breaking.

The bond energies of the products are larger than those of the reactants. This leads to a large negative net energy change indicating an exothermic reaction.

Heat is the total energy of all molecular motion inside an object. Temperature is the measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the molecules in a substance.
The human body produces heat to support life and keep you warm. The measurement of the heat produced is your body temperature.

a. Fairly resistant to engine knocking due to higher activation energy. Less likely to have uncontrolled ignition when compressed.

b. Not sure. Octane rating does not indicate if any additives were added. Will have to look deeper into the other properties of the fuel to determine if any other additives were added.