It is more costly because it requires a lot of energy. For example, additional energy is required to transport sea water to the processing plant. In addition, reverse osmosis is a high energy requiring process as water is pumped against its gradient.

Water soluble vitamins are polar because they have more polar groups that can form H-bonds with surrounding water molecules.
Fat-soluble vitamins are nonpolar because they have longer C-H backbones.

a) By hanging our laundry to dry, we avoid using dryers that consume electricity. Electricity is produced from plants that generate SO2.

b) By doing so, we can reduce NO emissions from vehicles.

c) We can save electricity that is produced from plants that generate SO2.

d) We can retain heat on the hot water heaters and pipes so that we do not require further electricity to continuously heat the water.

e) We don’t have to transport from a further distance. This saves fuel used by transportation vehicles there lowering NO emissions.

a) Coal-fired plants will churn out smoke which would cause poor visibility.

b) Natural pH of rain = 5.5
Estimated pH = 4.5. Because every increase of 1pH unit indicates 10 times more acidity than natural.

a) Exothermic. Energy is released from the process in the form of heat as the charcoal burns.

b)Endothermic. Energy is absorbed during the process when it changes from liquid to gaseous state.

c) Endothermic. Energy is absorbed during the process when it changes from solid to liquid state.

The bond strengths of reactants should be weaker than that of the products. To have a good exploson, the reaction should be very exothermic. The difference in relative bond strengths in reactants and products should be significantly large and there should be an higher number of bonds in the reactants. In addition, the products needs to be a gas for the volume to expand during an explosion.

Temperature is the measurement of the “hotness”/”coldness”. For example, heat from the fire increases the temperature of water during boiling.
Heat is what you can feel/sense. Heat is what makes water boils.

a)Octane number of 98 means a knocking characteristic of 98% and 2% heptane. This would be that knocking occurs less often.

b)No. The octane rating does not tell whether the fuel contains oxygenates. Further checks with the supplier needs to be done to ascertain the presence of oxygenates.