Cloning will only make a species to be less diverse because when we are using cloning technique, it copies the DNA from the mother cell. It will results in the exact same features with the parents. Breeding meanwhile promotes diversity and also can do cross-breeding with various animal. The species may also face extinction because if a dog is infected with a disease, it might infect the other dog which is a result of cloning.

Pros:
1.Famine problem can be solved
2.No need to think of alternative solutions or find alternative sources of water to ensure crops grow
Cons:
1. GM crops might contain new proteins that are not naturally present and give rise to allergy when consumed.
2. GM corn may contain genes that kills pests, when humans consume them, they are also consuming the genes that might pose harmful effects to humans

a. C6(H2O)6 or generally, Cn(H2O)n

c. Yes, Glucose is an isomer of fructose but they do not have the same sweetness level.

Almost everything contains chemical and the processing also requires chemical. Chemical is any molecule containing substance. This means that the water we are required to drink everyday is also a chemical. Hence, it is not possible to go on a “chemical-free, all organic diet.”

Styrofoam consists of a lot of gas because of the foaming agent. When styrofoam added to acetone, the gas will be released making the styrofoam more solid because of the escaping gas.

a) LDPE is not rigid. It is very soft and flexible whereas HDPE is rigid and not flexible.
b) For linear HDPE, the molecular structure makes the polymer rigid, higher strength than branching LDPE which is soft and have lower strength.

In plastic, the polymer chains are aligned in the same direction and the weak dispersion forces between them allows them to slip pass one another hence when subjected to pulling, it stretches. On the other hand, paper in the molecular level does not have such properties and it is similar to cross-linked polymers where the structure is rigid. Therefore, when paper is pulled, the same thing does not happen.

a. The polymers used for human body should not react in human body, should be non-toxic, light-weight and durable.

b. Poly(methylmethacrylate), PMMA, is used in contact lenses. They are transparent, light-weight, durable and not reactive when placed in human eye. Other than PMMA, polyacrylamide is also used.
c. “Hard” lenses are made from PMMA and “soft” lenses are made from polyacrylamide. The difference is that polyacrylamide contains nitrogen atoms while PMMA does not. This allows polyacrylamide lenses to be gas-permeable and allow oxygen to reach the eye hence being more comfortable for the user. “Hard” lenses are less comfortable and more difficult to place on the eye. The “softer” lenses are soft and flexible which is easier to fit on the eye.

Two ways that carbon can be different from another carbon is if one is C-12 and the other is C-14. C-12 is not radioactive and C-14 is radioactive.

Uranium atom is U-235 while carbon is C-12, there is a difference in atomic and mass number. There is also a difference in half-life of uranium and that of carbon. Carbon decays into nitrogen while Uranium decays into lead in a 11-step process.

14N means that the nitrogen atom has a total of 14 protons and neutrons while 15N means that the nitrogen atom has a total of 15 protons and neutrons.

Comparing between 14N and 15N, they are isotopes which means they have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

a. 94
b. Plutonium and Naptunium
c. 86

(A) Control rod assembly
(B) Cooling water out the core
(C) Control rods
(D) Cooling water into the core
(E) Fuel rods

One of the processes involved in desalination is distillation. Distillation is not a good technique to produce potable drinking water because distillation technique removes salts completely thus creating pure water. Drinking water that we use usually contains mineral, so it is not really a good process for drinking usage. Distillation is also very costly and requires large amount of energy and resources.

If it is water-soluble, it is a polar compound because polar solute dissolves in polar solvent. Fat-soluble compounds is non-polar and dissolves in non-polar solvents.

For a, b, c& d, it concerns the methodologies on reducing electricity consumption. With lesser electricity consumed, power plants would burn lesser fuel to spin the turbine for electricity. Lesser fuel burnt means lesser emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides which are key sources of acid rain production.

For e, it takes a large amount of energy for fuel to travel from “field to plate” if food were imported. Buying locally grown produce and produced food reduces the amount of energy consumed on transportation and means less burning of fossil fuels where its by-products would lead to acid rain.

a. Coal-fired plants produce lots of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides and also produce smoke and particulate matter which causes haze.

b. pH would be about 5 because natural rain has an estimated pH of 6

A. Exothermic. Heat is released when charcoal briquette burns.
B. Endothermic. Heat is absorbed for water to evaporate and hydrogen bonding between water molecules are broken.
C. Endothermic. Heat is absorbed and required to reach the melting point of ice.

Heat is released from forming bonds and heat is absorbed to break bonds. For an exothermic reaction, heat is released. Therefore, heat released during bond formation (products) is greater that the heat absorbed for bond breaking (reactants). Hence the product would have a greater bond strength than the reactants and the products are more stable.

Heat is the energy that flows from the hotter object to the colder object, it is the consequence of motion at the molecular level whereas temperature is a measure of the average speed of that motion.

A practical example would be a hot cup of coffee cooling down. As it cools gradually, heat from the coffee is transferred to the surrounding air which is at a lower temperature. The rate at which heat transfers is the temperature. Temperature difference causes heat to flow from the hotter region to cooler region.

A. Octane rating of 98 means a knocking characteristic of 98% isooctane and 2% heptane.

B. Octane rating measures the ability of gasoline to burn smoothly without knocking. Fuels that contain oxygenates generally have a higher octane rating. The higher the octane rating, the higher possibility that it contains oxygenates. Octane rating does not tell us whether oxygenates are present or not but only the likelihood.

1a) Heat is released when the charcoal burns hence the process is exothermic.
1b) Heat is taken in by the water molecule to change its state to a gaseous form, thus it is an endothermic process
1c) Heat is taken into the ice to melt into water.

Heat is released when bonds are formed and heat is absorbed when bonds are broken. For exothermic reactions, heat is released.Thus, the heat released by the overall reaction must be more than the heat needed to break the bonds for it to become an exothermic reaction.When the bond strength of the product is high, the stability of the products increases and so does the yield. A good explosion will require the very rapid release of heat energy in a very short time, coupled with an expansion of mass rapidly as well.

My friend, heat is the energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder object. It is the consequence of motion at the molecular level. Temperature is a measure of the average speed of the motion, a measurement of how much heat is there by an integer. Like a hot cup of coffee cooling down on the table, heat from the coffee is transferred to the surrounding. The temperature gradually averages with the coffee.

a) Octane rating of 98 means a knocking characteristic of 98% iso-octane and 2% heptane. The rating often measures the ability of the gasoline to burn smoothly without knocking.
b) The higher the octane rating the higher the possibility that it contains oxygenates, it does not provide a definite answer to whether oxygenates are present but a probability.