Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals as the parental organism. Being genetically identical, the breed of the dog will not improve as there is no variation in canine DNA since no new genes are introduced to improve the breed.

Pros: It helps solve the famine issue as GM foods has a longer shelf life, it will remain fresh for a longer period of time, feeding more people. GM seeds used in agriculture are able to resist droughts and floods better than natural organic seeds.

Cons: GM food may trigger allergies in living organisms as genes from other plants might be used to produce the new species of food. They also pose a hazard to the ecosystem as it harms the organisms living in the ecosystem, bringing about a lower biodiversity.

a)6C+6H2O
c)No. 6-membered ring form of fructose is sweeter than the 5 membered ring form of Fructose

Everything in existence that is matter is chemically made up of elements. Water is 2 hydrogen atoms chemically bonded to an oxygen atom. Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that comprises of Carbon, oxygen hydrogen and other elements. As our bodies requires proteins, carbohydrates, water to survive, it is impossible to go on a chemical free diet as that would mean removing the necessary components that ensures our survival.

Acetone dissolves the polymer, allowing the gas of the foaming agent to escape. The polymer collapses on itself and becomes denser because the gas has been removed.

a) Branched LDPE cannot be used in this application as it is softer(less cut resistant) than linear HDPE.
b) HDPE is successful in this application as it can have more extensive Van Der Waals’ interactions between each HDPE chain. Thus, it is stronger and more cut resistant than LDPE as LDPE forms less extensive Van Der Waals’ interactions between the LDPE molecules due to the bulkiness.

Plastic bags are made of polymers, specifically polymers that exist in a tangled state. When it is stretched, the polymer chains are untangled and the chains align themselves to the direction of the tension.
Paper is largely made out of cellulose which has many bulky side groups that contributes to its high strength. Therefore, it is more resilient to an applied tension.

a) Non toxic, Insoluble, non biodegradable and compatible

b)silicone hydrogen-> oxygen permeability, soft and comfortable
polymacon-> lens wetability, soft and comfortable
PMMA-> Hard and corrective for corneal irregularities

c) Hard lens -> polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Soft lens -> polymacon

The differences between soft and hard lenses are that soft lens have higher oxygen permeability, lens wetability and its comfortable.

One carbon atom can differ from another in the number of neutrons such as C-12 and C-13 and the number of electrons that a carbon atom possesses.
1) All carbon atoms differ from all uranium atoms in their number of protons, electrons.
2) Chemical properties, difference in isotopes
3) All the carbon atoms differ from all uranium atoms in their half life.

14N and 15 N are 2 stable nitrogen isotopes. 14 N has 7 neutrons whereas 15N has 8 neutrons.
14 isotopes has been found from 10 N to 25 N so far.
isotopes below 14N decay to carbon isotopes while isotopes above 15 N decay to oxygen isotopes
14 N makes up of 99.636% of natural nitrogen and can also be made from the decay of 14 C.
15 N is rare and can be made from the positron emission of 15O or the Beta decay of 15 C

a) 94
b) Neptunium and Plutonium
c) 86

A- Control Rod Assembly
B- Cooling Water Out of the Core
C- Control Rod
D- Cooling water into the core
E- Fuel Rods

The two most common desalination techniques are the distillation and reverse osmosis. Both of the two methods require energy to remove salts from seawater/brackish water, thus they are inherently expensive. If there is a cheaper option available such as drawing freshwater from a distance then it would be more viable for companies/villages to make use of that water source.

Water soluble vitamins are likely to be polar compounds that are able to form ion-dipole interactions or hydrogen bonds with water molecules, thus being soluble in water.

Fat soluble vitamins are more likely to be non polar compounds as they form hydrophobic interactions with lipid molecules in order to dissolve in fats.

a) Use of dryers utilises electricity which is produced from the burning of fossilfuels forming CO2 the co2 will dissolve in rain to for carbonic acid to form acid rain.

b) Vechicles produces anthropogenic pollutants such as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides that react with the atmosphere to form SO3, NO2 and N2O , forming weak acids when reacted to water

c) small loads consumes less electricity which requires less burning of coal to produce energy and that reduces the amount of SOx and NOx produced.

d) Less energy is required to reheat the water, less consumption of fossil fuels which reduces emissions of SOx and NOx

e) Reduces transportation costs and emissions of SOx and NOx

a) The hydrocarbons in coal produces twice the amount of water vapour when the coal is being burnt. (CH4+O2–> CO2+2H2O). Water vapour when cooled in hilly forested areas becomes visible as a fog at low temperatures.

b) Natural rainfall in Mammoth Cave National Park has a pH of 6.5
10 times more acidic than natural, pH is 5.5

a) Exothermic as heat is released during the process of combustion. Overall change in enthalpy is negative as the energy of the products carbon dioxide and water are at a lower energy level than the reactants.
b) Endothermic as it takes in heat from its surroundings to change state from liquid to vapor.
c) Endothermic as it takes in heat from its surroundings to change state from soild to liquid.

For exothermic reactions, energy released in bond forming of products would be higher than energy absorbed in bond breaking of reactants. Therefore for a good explosion, the bond strength in reactants should be low so that less energy is absorbed for bond breaking and bond strength in products should be high so that more energy is released during bond formation.

Heat is an energy that is transferred from 1 body to another. Temperature is a measure of that heat energy (whether how hot or cold an object is).
For example. The temperature of 1 glass of boiling water and 1 teapot of boiling water are equal to each other. But they have different heat energy since they have different masses.
Another example is that temperature can be measured directly with a device called a thermometer but heat cannot be directly measured with a device. We need mass, temperature and specific heat capacity of the matter in order to obtain a result.

a) Gasoline with an octane rating of 98 has the same knocking characteristics as a mixture composed of 98% isooctane and 2% heptane. In essence, this is a blend that is resistant to knocking.
b) The octane rating does not give us any additional information about whether the fuel contains oxygenates or not. Other labels around the fuel pump should reveal the information.