Cloning cannot improve dog breeds because it copies the DNA of the initial subject as it is. This bypasses standard sexual reproduction which confers genetic recombination which gives rise to genetic variety.

Pros:
1. Your people survive.
2. They reap more nutrients in the GM corn as compared to normal, non-modified corn.

Cons:
1. This aid is beneficial in the short run, but not in the long run. Your people might gradually become more reliant on the aid instead of inventing methods to sustain themselves in the long run.
2. CM food might trigger allergy in some people. This is especially bad in countries trapped in dire situations, as sudden medical issues will further cripple the society.

Cloning cannot improve dog breeds because it copies the DNA of the initial subject as it is. This bypasses standard sexual reproduction, which confers genetic recombination which gives rise to genetic variety.

Pros:
1. Your people survive.
2. Your people reap more nutrients out from GM corn as compared to the normal corn.

Cons:
1. Instead of inventing ways to sustain themselves, this aid might instead cause your people to rely on it. Thus, this aid helps in the short-run but not in the long-run.
2. GM food might trigger allergy in some people. Especially in a country facing such dire situations, sudden medical issues will cripple the society more.

a. Cn(H2O)n

b. See hard copy.

c. Difference in isomerism may lead to different abilities to bond with the sweetness receptors which in turn affect the individual’s perception of how sweet the fructose is.

Firstly, many products are often manipulated with things such as growth hormones at various levels of food processing and it is very difficult to ensure that your food coheres to the organic and chemical-free standard through the whole processing line.

Secondly, even if a person were to be able to produce an “all organic and chemical-free” food, it may not be easily commercially available which would make it hard for a person to obtain/buy “all organic chemical free” food outside.

Essentially in order to ensure that you have a fully all organic and chemical-free diet you would probably have to produce your own food entirely.

Acetone dissolves polymers, allowing the gas of the foaming agents to escape. The polymer collapses on itself and becomes denser as the gas has been removed.

a. LDPE cannot be used here as it lacks the required tensile strength.

b. The molecules of HDPE must line up in a formation that gives sufficient strength. Using a thin HDPE liner gives sufficient flexibility to the gloves.

Stretching the piece of plastic causes the polymer strands to take up a parallel conformation in the direction of the stretch. The irreversible structural change will at a certain magnitude of force cause the plastic to break.

Paper on the other hand, will not stretch significantly as it is made of bleached cellulose, which is more rigid in conformation. This is why they are prone to breakage instead of realignment.

a. It should be firstly chemically durable and stable, so that it will not break down in the body for a long time. Secondly it should be non-toxic, so that it will not trigger an immunological response. Thirdly it should be insoluble, so that it will not dissolve in fluid constituents. And lastly it should be unreactive, so that it will not cause blood agglutination.

b. There are many different polymers used should as polymethyl methacrylate, polymacron, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. These polymers are used as they are non-toxic, permeable to oxygen and comfortable when in contact with the eye. The materials must also be easy to clean and able to conform to various eye shapes.

c. Hard lenses are usually made of polymethyl methacrylate, which is not gas permeable. Soft lenses on the other hand are usually made of silicone polymers which allows them to be more flexible and allows oxygen to come into contact with the eye. This causes soft lenses to be generally more comfortable to wear.

Carbon atoms can differ from one another in their number of neutrons and their number of electrons.

Carbon atoms can differ from all other atoms in their number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

The symbol N represents the element nitrogen and stands for the naturally occurring mixture of all isotopes. The symbols 14N and 15N represent specific isotopes with atomic masses of 14 and 15 respectively.

a. There are 94 protons in the nucleus of this isotope.

b. Neptunium has a nucleus with 93 protons and plutonium has a nucleus with 94 protons.

c. Radon-222 contains 86 protons.

A – Control rod assembly
B – Cooling water out of the core
C – Control rods
D – Cooling water into the core
E – Fuel rods

Desalination techniques are too energy consuming and thus costly for most countries. Additionally, using fuels to produce potable drinking water is not environmentally friendly.

We would expect water-soluble vitamins to be polar compounds and fat-soluble vitamins to be non-polar compounds.

Hydrogen bonding occurs in polar compounds between an atom bearing a partial positive charge in one molecule and an atom bearing a partial negative charge in a neighbouring molecule. H atoms must be bonded to an O, N or F atom.

In non-polar compounds, there are no atoms with partial charges. Hence, hydrogen bonding is unable to occur.

a. Instead of using a dryer which utilizes electricity, hanging the laundry helps to reduce the severity of acid rain. Electricity comes from power plants which produce sulfur oxide, which is one of the main causes of acid rain.

b. Car exhaust gives off nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide and very little sulfates, contributing to acid rain.

c. This will amount to less usage of the machines which reduces electricity used which would then reduce the amount of electricity that the power plants need to generate. Power plants give off sulfur oxide which causes acid rain.

d. If additional insulation is used, electricity efficiency of heating goes up leading to less power needed to be generated by the power plants which leads to lesser acidity in rain.

e. By buying locally grown produce and food, we can cut down on transportation which produces nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide and sulfates which contribute to acid rain.

a. Coal-fired plants produce a lot of smoke, thus contributing to poor visibility.

b. Since the pH of natural rainfall is 5.6, if it is 10 times more acidic than natural rainfall, the pH would be 4.6 as pH is a logarithmic scale.

a. This is an example of an exothermic reaction. A charcoal briquette burning is an example of combustion which releases energy once the activation energy has been met. Combustion will then be spontaneous and keep reacting until the fuel source is depleted.

b. This is an example of an endothermic reaction. Particles take in energy in orer to break their intermolecular interactions so that they are able to reach a more disorderly state of matter.

c. This is an example of an endothermic reaction. Particles take in energy in orer to break their intermolecular interactions so that they are able to reach a more disorderly state of matter.

Bond strengths of reactants are significantly lower than that of the products. This is because bond breaking requires energy which would mean that if the bond strengths of the reactants were significantly higher instead energy might instead be consumed to break the bonds. If the bond strength of reactants are significantly lower than that of products a significant amount of energy would be released causing the explosion.

Heat is the type of energy that is being transferred from objects of higher temperature to objects of lower temperature when they get into contact with one another. On the otherh and, temperature is the measure of the heat present in an object/substance.

An example is placing ice into hot milo. Hot milo will eventually experience a drop in temperature as the heat energy is transferred from the hot milo to the ice. At the same time, ice experiences an increase in temperature which increases its rate of melting.

a. It means that the knocking characteristics of said premium gasoline is equivalent to the knocking characteristics of a mixture of 98% iso-octane and 2% heptane.

b. While it may be possible to determine presence of oxygenates via other methods, it is difficult to determine the amount of oxygenates present in the gasoline just by the octane rating. That being said the addition of oxygenates tends to increase the octane rating.