Cloning means that the offspring will have the same genetic makeup as the original dog. Thus the dog will be exactly the same as the first one. There will be no improvement in dog breeds.

Pros:
– crops are more productive and have a larger yield
-the corn is more resistant and stays ripe for longer so they can have longer shelf lives
Cons:
-May contain substances that cause illnesses and death
-Modified corn may compete with wild type which can lead to loss of biodiversity

Verdict:
We will accept it to solve the serious risk of famine

a) C6(H2O)6
CnH2nOn = Cn(H2O)n

b) drawing is on paper
c) Different isomers of fructose have the same chemical formula but different structures. Due to their different structures, we expect different isomers of fructose to have different physical properties such as sweetness.

It is impossible that have a chemical free diet.
For instance, food contains pesticides. Water is non organic, but it is found in most food we consume. Fish contains mercury and livestocks are injected with chemicals.

The gas of the foaming agent escapes as acetone dissolves the polymer.
Since the gas has been removed from the polymer, the polymer is now denser.

a. Branched LDPE is too weak and would be too easily cut by surgical tools.

b. Molecules of HDPE need to be aligned in a manner that produces sufficient strength. Linear HDPE allows for sufficient flexibility.

When the piece of plastic is pulled, the molecules become aligned parallel to each other in the direction of the pull.
When the same thing is done to paper, the paper tears as the cellulose molecules in paper are held more rigidly in place and are not free to align parallel to each other. The interactions cannot be formed and broken continuously like in plastic.

a.
1) non-toxic
2) biocompatible
3) durable
4) stable

b. Hard lenses are made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Properties: Transparent, some flexibility, low density, hydrophilic.

Soft lenses are made of poly acrylamide
Properties: hydrophilic

c. “Soft” lenses have more water content and higher oxygen permeability, hence they are more comfortable, easier to adjust and stay in place better.

a) Graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon with different arrangement of atoms.
Isotopes of carbon 12C and 13C have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

b) Carbon and uranium have different atomic weight and atomic number.
Carbon is commonly found while uranium is more rare.
Carbon (in the form of coal) stores chemical energy while uranium is used to generate atomic energy.

14N and 15N are isotopes with different number of neutrons.
From the numbers, we know the number of neutrons and the fact that they are isotopes.

a) 94

b) 93 – Np (neptunium)
94 – Pu (plutonium)

c) Isotopes have the same number of protons; Radon-222 has 86 protons.

A – control rod assembly
B – cooling water out of the core
C – control rods
D – cooling water into the core
E – fuel rods

Desalination is expensive and requires a lot of energy

Water soluble vitamins have more polar groups than non polar groups and they can form hydrogen bonds with polar water molecules to dissolve. Fat soluble vitamins are non polar. They have few or no polar groups, so they blend with non polar lipids and are fat soluble.

a. Saves electricity instead of using a dryer. Electricity is generated by coal fired power plants. Saving electricity means less sulfur dioxide is produced from the burning of coal.

b. Fewer cars on the road means less NOx produced in internal combustion engines.

c. Saves electricity

d. Saves electricity

e. Reduce transport so less NOx is produced from transport vehicles like airplanes and trucks

a. Sulfur particles are released from coal burning plants which contributes to haze and causes poor visibility

b. pH is around 4.3

a. Exothermic – heat is released.
b. Endothermic – heat is absorbed and the skin cools down.
c. Endothermic – Drink is cooled.

Bond strengths of reactants are weaker than bond strengths of product. The bond strengths of reactants are weaker as bonds can break easily, thus absorbing less energy, while the bond strength of the products are stronger so a lot more energy is released during bond forming. Thus the reaction is highly exothermic.

Heat is a consequence of motion at the molecular level.
Temperature is the measure of an average speed of the motion.
Heat: Placing a cup of hot tea on the table and the hot tea becomes colder (transfer of heat to surroundings)
Temperature: When you cook food, the temperature increases.

a) Octane rating is a measure of a fuel’s ability to resist knocking. The higher the octane rating, the higher its resistance to knocking. An octane rating of 98 means a knocking characteristic of 98% isooctane and 2% heptane.

b) Yes. A high octane rating means that it is likely to contain oxygenates.