Under incongruent gestures, basically the bodily movements made are not consistent, whereby for the same word said, the gestures keeps changing. Despite the repetition of the words, it does not get registered into the brain of the second language learner because every time, the gestures changes. For instance, someone saying hop and making the action of a peace sign going up and down; just like re-enacting a rabbit’s movement. In other cases, the person might make gestures imitating a kangaroo’s hop. Both actions made were inconsistent. Consequentially, the learners are not able to retrieve the information easily from their memory when it is being said the next time round, especially when it .  The mismatch of speech and gesture causes some kind of confusion in the brain and thus when trying to recall the words, it would be harder to retrieve it. In Kelly et. al. (2009)  research on the Japanese language, words encoded with consistent gestures were better memorised as compared to the incongruent ones.