What is identity?
There are many different ways of understanding and defining ‘identity’. In psychological terms, identity refers to a personal narrative of our attributes and connections to our surroundings.
‘Who do I see myself as?’
‘How do people view me?’
‘How do I define myself?’
Each person has multiple identities which are arranged in an hierarchical manner. For instance, everyone has a social identity and a personal identity. Social identity is characterized by social position, roles and group standing. On the other hand, personal identity is characterized by our individual traits, values and capabilities. These identities can vary on a continuum as they are developed through life experiences and circumstances, and is affected by contextual factors.
What exactly is the purpose of having an identity then? In general sense, having an identity helps us to create a meaning of who we are, and provides us with a purpose in living. Our identities serves as motivation to close the gap between our behavioural actions and our inner selves. This fulfills our desire to be consistent as we act accordance with our core selves.
Theories of identity
- Self- determination theory
One of the most famous theories of identity is the self-determination identity by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Deci. This theory indicates the 3 basic psychological needs: autonomy (self-endorsed behaviour), competence (sense of mastery) and relatedness (sense of belonging with others). The more we are able to fulfill these needs, the stronger our identities are.
2. Social Identity Theory
Social identity theory is a concept by psychologists Tajfel and Turner. It refers to the ways that people’s self-concepts are based on their membership in social groups such as gender, religions, nationalities, occupations, etc.