Home ➞ Iconology ➞ Interpretations Iconology of the Wayfarer Triptych Table View Explore by: # Keywords⚆ Visual Attributes Iconology - Filter Painting An Allegory of Intemperance Death and the Miser Ship of Fools The Pedlar Visual Objects Carried out by Category Aspects of time Bible and biblical stories Christianity and the Church Earth and world Human being and life Intention, will and state of being Literary and mythical characters and objects Morality and immorality Non-Christian religions Planets and zodiacal signs Reasoning, judgement and intelligence Scientific perspectives and methods Social conduct and emotions Social life, culture and activities Society and social classes Supernaturalism and magic Keywords Parable of the Prodigal Son Refers to "Carrus Navalis in Schönbartbuch", 16th century "Carrus Navalis in Schönbartbuch", 1908 "Death, from Grandes heures de Rohan", ca. 1401-1500 "Deathbed, from The Hours of Catherine of Cleves", ca. 1440 "de l’ouïe et du goût", ca. 1510-1520 "Detail, infrared reflectogram image of Death and the Miser", 1982 "Flight into Egypt", ca. 1500 "La barque d’Ëve", ca. 1510-1520 "May, from Hours of Joanna I of Castile", ca. 1486-1506 "Pedlar, from The Luttrell Psalter", ca. 1325-1340 "Psalter of Eleanor of Aquitaine", ca. 1185 "Reconstruction of Ship of Fools after Seymour", 1984 "Saturn, from Astrological treatises", 15th century "Saturn and his children, from Passauer Calendar", 1445 "Terra, from Engelberg Crucifix", ca. 1200 "The Tree of Life", 1502 Abraham, Levy & Cantera, 1939 Adhémar, 1962 Aertsen, 1556 Aesop, ca. 1501 Agrippa, 1910 Ainsworth, 2010 Ainsworth et al., 2012 Alexandre, 1892 Allberry, 1938 Allegory of Chasity at the Bardi Chapel, ca. 1325 Altdorfer, ca. 1515-1516 Anthonisz, 1541 Antoninus, 1449 Antwerper Liedboek, 1544 Ariès, 1981 Ars moriendi, ca. 1415-1450 Ars moriendi, ca. 1474 Atkins, 2017 Augustodunensis, ca. 1080-1156 Avé-Lallemant, 1858 Badius, 1498 Badius, 1498 (Frontispiece) Badius, 1500 Badius, 1502 Baldass, 1926 Baldass, 1938 Baldass, 1943 Baldass, 1959 Baldass, 1968 Baldini, ca. 1464 Baltrusaitis, 1955 Barbado, 1931 Bass & Wyckoff, 2015 Bauer, 1989 Bax, 1948 Bax, 1949 Bax, 1953 Bax, 1962 Bax, 1979 Bayley, 1919 Bayot, 1929 Beagle, 1982 Bedaux & Ekkart, 2000 Beer, 1957 Beets, 1938 Beets, 1946 Beets, 1954 Beham, 1535 Beham, ca. 1530-1562 Bellaert, 1486 Benesch, 1937 Benesch, 1957 Bening, 1500 Bening, ca. 1515 Bening, ca. 1530 Bergmans, 1936 Bevers, 1986 Bidez & Cumont, 1938 Biesheuvel, 2005 Bigwood, 1921 Binski, 1996 Bishop, 1918 Bisschop & Verwijs, 1870 Bloch, 1912 Bloemaert, After 1635 Bloomfield, 1952 Boczkowska, 1971 Bohnert, 1985 Boll & Bezold, 1931 Boll, 1913 Bolswert, ca. 1610-1620 Bonenfant, 1958 Boon, 1968 Bosch, 15th century Bosch, 16th century Bosch, ca. 1475 Bosch, ca. 1475-1500 Bosch, ca. 1485 Bosch, ca. 1485-1490 Bosch, ca. 1490-1495 Bosch, ca. 1490-1500 Bosch, ca. 1494 (Ecce Homo) Bosch, ca. 1494 (Triptych of Adoration of the Magi) Bosch, ca. 1495–1500 Bosch, ca. 1498 Bosch, ca. 1500 Bosch, ca. 1500 (Johannes auf Patmos) Bosch, ca. 1500 (Temptations of St. Anthony) Bosch, ca. 1500 (The Pedlar) Bosch, ca. 1501-1505 Bosch, ca. 1504-1508 Bosch, ca. 1505 Bosch, ca. 1505-1510 Bosch, ca. 1510 Bosch, ca. 1512-1515 Bosch, ca. 1520-1545 Boschère, 1947 Bosing, 1987 Brabant, ca. 1460 Brands, 1921 Brans, 1948 Brant, 1494 Brant, 1498 Brant, 1498 (Frontispiece) Brant, 1500 Brant, 1854 Brant, 1944 Brant, 1962 Brant, 2011 Briffault, 1927 Brion, 1938 Brody, 1974 Bruegel, 1559 (Die niederländischen Sprichwörter) Bruegel, 1559 (Misanthropist) Bruegel, 1559 (The Fight between Carnival and Lent) Bruegel, 1562 Bruegel, 1564 Bruegel, 1565 Bruegel, 1565 (Der Frühling) Bruegel, 1567 Bruegel, 1568 Bruegel, 1568 (Les Mendiants ou Les Culs-de-jatte) Bruegel, 1568 (The Blind Leading the Blind) Bruegel, 1568 (The Magpie on the Gallows) Bruegel, 1574 Bruegel, ca. 1600-1624 Brummel, 1949 Bunyan, 1678 Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1908 Buytewech, ca. 1591-1624 Bücken & Steyaert, 2013 Calkins, 1978 Carefree living, ca. 1560 Cartellieri, 1929 Cats, 1642 Chailley, 1978 Chew, 1962 Ciceron, 1938 Cinotti, 1966 Cirlot, 1962 Cluse, 2000 Cohen, 1909 (Die Ausstellung des Goldenen Vlieses in Bru_gge, 1907) Cohen, 1909 (Hieronymus Bosch) Colenbrander, 2003 Combe, 1946 Combe, 1957 Comestor, ca. 1440 Condivi, 1927 Conway, 1921 Cooper, 1982 Crul, 1920 Cumont, 1942 Cuttler, 1957 Cuttler, 1968 Cuttler, 1969 D'Overflacque_e, 1932 Damascenus, 1879 Dante, ca. 1308-1321 Das Schiff der Flust, ca. 1360 da Vinci, ca. 1591-1624 de Beer, 1990 de Boschère, 1947 de Bruyn, 1601 de Bruyn, 1604 de Bruyn, 2001 de Bruyn, 2001 (Hieronymous Bosch's So-Called Prodigal Son Tondo) de Bruyn, 2017 de Cock, 1905 de Coster, 1867 de Diguleville, 1922 de Diguleville, ca. 1330-1331 (Pèlerinage de la vie humaine) de Diguleville, ca. 1330-1331 (Ship of Religion) de Haas, 1942 de Jode, 1590s de Jongh, 2000 de Julleville, 1889 de Laborde, 1929 Delaissé, 1959 Delevoy, 1960 Delevoy, 1990 de Mirimonde, 1971 Demonts, 1919 Demonts, 1920 de Mooij, 1992 de Mély, 1904 Der Melancholiker, 15th century de Roover, 1948 de Roover, 1967 Der verlorene Sohn beim Spiel im Freudenhaus, ca. 1520 de Tervarent, 1945 de Tervarent, 1958 de Tollenaere, 1941 de Tolnay, 1935 de Tolnay, 1937 de Tolnay, 1965 de Tolnay, 1966 Detroit Institute Arts, 1960 Devoghelaere, 1937 De Vos, 1967 Die vier Temperamente, ca. 1481 Dixon, 2003 Dolan, 1964 Donatello, ca. 1457-1464 Drescher, 1908 du Hameel, ca. 1478-1506 Dülberg, 1929 Dürer, 1494 (Frontispiece of Daß Narrenschyff ad Narragoniam) Dürer, 1494 (Of Serenading at Night) Dürer, 1514 Eisler, 1946 Eisler, 1946 (Zodiacal trines) Eisler, 1961 Eisler, 1977 Eliade, 1959 Elst, 1944 Elst, 1946 Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1971 Engler, 1962 English Standard Version Bible, 2001 Enklaar, 1922 Enklaar, 1933 Enklaar, 1937 Enklaar, 1940 Enklaar, 1956 Erasmus, 1828 Erasmus, 1913 Essling & Müntz, 1902 Fabre-Vassas, 1997 Falkenburg, 1988 Faris, 1914 Fierens, 1936 Fierens, 1947 Fischart, 1969 Fischer, 2016 Follower of Dreux Jean, ca. 1468-1477 Follower of Jheronimus Bosch, 15th century Follower of Jheronimus Bosch, ca. 1485-1490 Follower of Jheronimus Bosch, ca. 1555-1575 Follower of Jheronimus Bosch, ca. 1560 Follower of Jheronimus Bosch, ca. 1561 Follower of Pieter Bruegel, ca. 1550-1575 Follower of Pieter Huys, ca. 1560 Fourcaud, 1912 Fraenger, 1930 Fraenger, 1950 Fraenger, 1951 Fraenger, 1975 Fraenger, 1999 Francis, 1942 Frankfurter, 1952 Frey, 1957 Friedländer, 1927 Friedländer, 1935 Friedländer, 1969 Galle, ca. 1565 Ganz, 1924 Gaspar, 1932 Gerlach, 1939 Gerlach, 1978 Gerlach, 1979 Gibson, 1973 Gibson, 1973 (Hieronymus Bosch and the Dutch tradition) Gibson, 1973 (Hieronymus Bosch and the Mirror of Man) Gibson, 1983 Glück, 1904 Glück, 1933 Gossaert, 1919 Gossaert, ca. 1513-1515 Gossart, 1907 Gotthelf, 1948 Grimm, 1911 Gringore, 1512 Grossmann, 1955 Gundel, 1922 Gutekunst, 1899 Gérard, 1486-1487 Habig, 1973 Hals, ca. 1616-1617 Hammerstein, 1962 Hampe, 1902 Hand & Wolff, 1986 Hand, 1965 Hannema, 1931 Hannema, 1936 Hansen, 1984 Harms, 1970 Harrebomée, 1858 Harrebomée, 1861 Harrebomée, 1870 Harris, 1995 Hartau, 2001 Hartau, 2001 (Suche nach Glück bei nahem Untergang) Hartau, 2002 Hartau, 2005 Hartau, 2005 (Bosch and the Jews) Hartmann, 1493 Hauber, 1916 Heidrich, 1910 Heimann, 1990 Heitz, 1906 Hellerstedt, 1986 Hentze, 1932 Heremans, 1877 Hermans, 1867 Hildebrand, 1911 Hildegarde, 1903 Hilka, Schumann & Meyer, 1970 Hind, 1970 Holbein, ca. 1523 - 1525 Hollstein, 1949 Hooffacker, 1988 Horenbout, Bening & Bening, ca. 1510 (Mai) Horenbout, Bening & Bening, ca. 1515–1520 Huebner, 1943 Huebner, 1971 Huizinga, 1919 Hummelen, 1958 Huvenne, 1979 Ilsink, 2013 Ilsink, 2016 Ilsink et al., 2016 Ivanov, 1976 Janson, 1952 Jean de La Fontaine's philosophy, 17th century Jeltes, 1927 Jonas, 1958 Jonas, 1963 Justi, 1908 Kalff, 1884 Kalff, 1907 Kalff, 1923 Kasten, 1992 Kaye, 1998 Kempis, 1505 Klibansky, Panofsky & Saxl, 1964 Kohlhaussen, 1968 Koldeweij, Kooij & Vermet, 2001 Koldeweij, Vandenbroeck & Vermet, 2001 Konneker, 1966 Koomen, 1932 Koreny, 1986 Kozàky, 1944 Kren, McKendrick & Ainsworth, 2003 Kruyskamp, 1940 Labonnardiere, 1957 Laborde, 1923 Lacombe, 1963 Laenen, 1904 Lafond, 1914 Lammertse & van der Coelen, 2015 Lammertse, 1994 Lammertse, 2017 Langendijk, 1715 Laurent, ca. 1290-1300 (Gluttony) Laurent, ca. 1295 (Avarice) Leeber, 1939-1940 Leendertz Jr., 1907 Leendertz Jr., 1925 Leeu, 1492 Lefebvre, 1968 Le Goff, 1979 Lehrs, 1906 Leidinger, 1935 Le Juif errant: un témoin du temps, 2001 Lennep & Gouw, 1868 Le Tavernier & Miélot, ca. 1456 Le Tavernier & Miélot, ca. 1470 Leuvense Bijdragen IV, 1900-1902 Leuvense Bijdragen IX, 1910-1911 Levelt, 1924 Leymarie, 1949 Lindener, 1558 Lindner, 1912 Linfert, 1989 Lippmann, 1895 Liébault, 1582 Lottin, 1950 Lugt, 1968 Lurker, 1960 Lyna & van Eeghem, 1932 Långfors, 1921 Långfors, 1924 Maeterlinck, 1907 Mannhardt, 1858 Marijnissen, 1972 Marijnissen, 1976 Marijnissen, 1977 Marijnissen, 1987 Marijnissen, 2007 Maroto, 2001 Maroto, 2017 Marrow, 1977 Martindale & Bacchesch, 1969 Massys, 16th century Massys, ca. 1520-1525 Master of the Housebook, ca. 1475 Master of the Virgin among Virgins, ca. 1490 Mâle, 1908 Meadow, 1992 Meijer, 1946 Meiss, 1974 (French painting in the time of Jean de Berry) Meiss, 1974 (The Limbourgs and their contemporaries) Mellinkoff, 1993 Meurgey, 1930 Meyling, 1946 Michelangelo, 1533 Millar, 1953 Misero I, ca. 1465 Mollat, 1966 Monogrammist, ca. 1530 Morganstern, 1982 Morganstern, 1984 Moser, 1431 Moser, 1961 Mosmans, 1931 Mosmans, 1947 Moxey, 1985 Moxey, 1989 Müller, 1934 Nahuys, 1888 Nelson, 1969 Neumann, 1950 Neurdenburg, 1910 Nevitt, 2003 Newhauser, 1986 Nichols, 1992 Nielsen, 1904 Noonan, 1957 O'Brien-Moore, 1924 O'Connor, 1942 Offner & Steinweg, 1979 Olds, 1966 Oosterman, 2001 Orenstein, 2001 Owst, 1953 Panofsky & Saxl, 1933 Panofsky, 1939 Panofsky, 1953 Panofsky, Giehlow & Saxl, 1923 Parker, 2020 Parshall, 2001 Petrarch, 1532 Pfister, 1922 Philip, 1953 Philip, 1955 Philip, 1956 Philip, 1958 Philip, 1969 Pigler, 1950 Pleij, 1979 Pleij, 1983 Postan, 1963 Pourbus, c. 1547 Provoost, ca. 1515-1521 Puyvelde, 1956 Pächt, 1948 Pächt, 1950 Quarles, 1638 Quinot, 1962 Rabutaux, 1881 Rembert, 2004 Rembrandt, 1635 Renesse, 1900 Renger, 1969 Renger, 1970 Renger, 1976 Renouard, 1964 Reuterswärd, 1970 Rietstap, 1861 Ritter, Plessner & Mayriti, 1962 Romein & Romein, 1938 Roscher, 1878 Rosenberg, 1961 Rossiter, 1973 Rost, 16th century Rowlands, 1979 Ryckaert, ca. 1649 Saintyves, 1937 Sanger, 1897 Santurn (Lehrs), 15th century Sassen, 1885 Saturn (in Rome manuscript), 16th century Saturn (in Salone di Padua), 12th century Saturn (in Schermermar manuscript), 15th century Saturn and his 'Children' (Panofsky), 15th century Scaha gustationis sultae, 1500 Scháufelein, ca. 1525 Schedel, 1493 Schmitt, 1948 Schoemaker, ca. 1710-1735 Schönsperger, 1922 Schreiber & Zimmermann, 1937 Schreiber, 1926 Schretlen, 1925 Schürmeyer, 1923 Schwartz, 1997 Schwarz & Plagemann, 1937 Seligmann, 1953 Seymour, 1961 Shachar, 1974 Shestack, 1967 Silver, 1977 Silver, 1983 Silver, 1984 Silver, 1996 Silver, 2001 Silver, 2006 Silver, 2006 (Peasant scenes and landscapes) Silver, 2017 Sloet, 1890 Smeyers & Van der Stock, 1996 Smits, 1933 Snellaert, 1488 Solier, 1961 Speculum humanae salvationis, ca. 1466-1467 Spronk, 1998 Steen, ca. 1670 Stein-Schneider, 1984 Stoett, 1932 Stone-Ferrier, 1983 Strauss, 1926 Strauss, 1974 Stridbeck, 1956 Stürzinger, 1893 Suchier & Birch-Hirschfeld, 1913 Sudeck, 1931 Swain, 1932 Swelinck, 1627 Tallqvist, 1948 Tenenti, 1952 Tentler, 2003 Tentler, 2005 Terence, 2nd century BC The eating of the passover lamb, from Historia Scholastica, ca. 1450-1455 Thiele, 1898 Tinbergen, 1907 Titian, 1518 Tóth-Ubbens, 1987 Tuttle, 1981 Tuve, 1966 Universitätsbibliothek Basel & Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg im Breisgau, 1994 Valentiner & Suida, 1949 Valerius, 1942 van Andel, 1928 van Bastelaer, 1908 van Camp, 2017 van den Bossche, 1944 Vandenbroeck, 1981 Vandenbroeck, 1985 Vandenbroeck, 1987 Vandenbroeck, 1987 (Beeld van de andere, vertoog over het zelf) Vandenbroeck, 1989 Vandenbroeck, 2001 Vandenbroeck, 2002 Vandenbroeck, 2017 van der Heyden, 1559 van der Heyden, 1562 van der Heyden, 1562 (Marskramer door apen beroofd) van der Heyden, 1567 van der Heyden, 1570 van der Heyden, ca. 1551-1570 van der Heyden, ca. 1558 van de Venne, ca. 1625 Vandeweghe, 2017 van Dis & Erné, 1939 van Duyse, 1908 van Eyck, 1434 van Hemessen, 1536 van Hemessen, 1543 van Hemessen, ca. 1540 van Leyden, 1520 van Leyden, ca. 1520-1530 van Luttervelt, 1958 van Mander, 1604 van Meckenem, 15th century van Oestvoren, 1413 van Oostsanen, 1517 van Os, 1488 van Tricht, ca. 1492 van Wavere, ca. 1515 Venturi, 1945 Vermeylen, 1939 Verwijs & Verdam, 1885-1929 Verwijs, 1860 Verwijs, 1871 Vetter, 1955 Veurman & Bax, 1944 Vinken & Schlüter, 2000 Vinken, 1958 Visscher, 1614 von der Vogelweide, ca. 12-13th century von Eschenbach, ca. 1200-1210 von Fallersleben, 1855 von Fallersleben, 1968 von Kaysersberg, 1510 von Kaysersberg, 1511 von Seidlitz, 1935 Vostre, 1502 Wagner, 1845 Walker, 1975 Welsford, 1935 Werner, 1960 Wertheim Aymès, 1957 Wescher, 1946 Wieck, 1988 Wierix, ca. 1568 Wierix, ca. 1604 Wilhelm, 1990 Willshire, 1883 Winkel, 1922 Winkler, 1924 Winkler, 1951 Winternitz, 1967 Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal II, 1882 Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal III, 1912 Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal IV, 1916 Workshop of Orcagna, 15th-16th century Workshop of Taddeo Gaddi, 14th century Yamey, 1989 Zupnick, 1968 Refers To (Title) Contains symbolic references TextualVisual Types of Interpretation Conception of Information According to Furner (2004) Utterances Situations Thoughts Informativeness Relevance (Iconographical) Relevance (Iconological) Communication Layers of meaning According to van Straten (1994) Views of reality According to Popper (1972, 1979) & Gnoli (2018) Levels of knowledgeAccording to Nanetti (2018) If you 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Filter Entries Show All Δ 44 interpretations found. #131 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The hawker (The prodigal son) Delevoy, 1960 Bosch #240 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar …in the Prodigal Son in the Museum Boymans in Rotterdam (p. 108) Benesch, 1957 Hieronymus Bosch and the thinking of the late Middle Ages. #252 Man on a barrel with five skinny men in the waters from An Allegory of Intemperance …it may be a fragment of an episode in the story of the Prodigal Son [Hannema, 1936, 32, no. 51; de Tolnay, 1937, 90, no.9; Bosch, ca. 1500, “The Pedlar”] (p. 207) Detroit Institute Arts, 1960 Flanders in the fifteenth century: Art and civilization #253 Couple in a pink tent with clothes on shore from An Allegory of Intemperance …it may be a fragment of an episode in the story of the Prodigal Son [Hannema, 1936, 32, no. 51; de Tolnay, 1937, 90, no.9; Bosch, ca. 1500, “The Pedlar”] (p. 207) Detroit Institute Arts, 1960 Flanders in the fifteenth century: Art and civilization #277 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar Tout, et même le site, y park d’une profonde desolation. C’est la premiere fois que celui qui étudie le maître pourrait soupconner que dans sa vie il y eut de la souffrance. Mais c’est la seule fois qu’il resta dans les bornes de la vie de douleur, de misères, et de désespoir de I’homme stir notre terre. On ne lui apprendra plus rien, void toute la charge que l’expérience pent accumuler sur les épaules du penseur rustique, au long de la route qui chemine entre le Diable ef Dieu. L’Éiglise, ses dogmes et ses Évangiles, les découvertes de la larve qui ronge le coeur de chaque fleur et qui erapoisonne chaque plaisir, la joie de peindre en tirant de I’inconnu des ombres où il gît, tout cela est en marge de la souffrance de notre pélerin et peut-être de Jerome lui-même. Void sur la route une modeste victime du bien et du mal qui, dans leurs batailles, déséquilibrent I’existence humaine; voici du démoniaque authentique. Dans ses croyances chancelantes, voilées par les sarcasmes et les doutes qui naissent alors dans sa foi, qu’il convenait de situer outre terre pour lui évite les souillures des sophistes et des négateurs, dans le désert qui s’étend dans son esprit, il a vu ce fils des hommes affreusement seul, et qui n’en pent plus appeler à aucune puissance. II marchera, sans compagnon, jusqu’à la mort. Le masque de I’Enfant prodigue, décharné, usé sous quelques mèches de cheveux blancs, porte I’empreinte de tous les déchirements. Bosch, cette fois, essaie de traduire le spirituel dans les apparences plastiques qu’il croit s’accorder avec la douleur irremissible. Dans la contemplation quotidienne, sur les routes cruelles aux portes closes, ce masque se grave dans nos sentiments de pitié. II est incomparable parmi les oeuvres émouvantes que nous a leguees le passé. On peut regretter que Jerome ait altéré, légèrement il est vfai, la position des sourcils et des paupières pour donner au visage I’expression d’une crainte passagère. Mais cette erreur n’empêche pas de lire sur ces traits dépouillés, toutes les craintes les terreurs, les maladies, les famines que cet errant a traversées pendant son pèlerinage douloureux,, ses errances dedestitué sur le globe terrestre. (pp. 4-5) de Boschère, 1947 Jérôme Bosch #283 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar Cet homme que l’on prend pour un prodigue ou un débauché, n’est-il pas un misérable savetier ambulant, comme I’indique le poinpon de cordonnier entoure d’un fil de poix, épinglé a son chapeau, seul luxe intact de son appareil vestimentaire ? Dans ce cas, le symbole de la peau de chat demeurerait; la cuiller à pot ferait allusion à ses repas frugatix preparés et pris aux bords des routes. (p. 6) de Boschère, 1947 Jérôme Bosch #285 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The Pedlar on the exterior shutters suggests a number of parallels with the parable of the Prodigal Son [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32]: both characters fall into bad ways, squander their money in disreputable establishments and end up improverished and disgraced. Even so, the pedlar is a distinct pictorial type [”Pedlar, from The Luttrell Psalter”, ca. 1325-1340]. Whereas the Prodigal Son, full of remorse, returns to his real father and is joyfully welcomed back into the family, the pedlar can only hope to be welcomed back by his heavenly father. While Bosch alludes to this possibility in his painting, whether it will actually come to pass is by no means certain. (p. 191) Fischer, 2016 Jheronimus Bosch #315 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The main figure shown is a pedlar and not, for example, the Prodigal Son, an interpretation often proposed. For all his similarity with the character in the biblical parable, this improvished, itinerant hawker is present as a type in his own right in late medival period, both in literature and in the visual arts [de Bruyn, 2001]. The painting’s message may be read to mean that humankind can reduce and overcome the breadth and variety of sinful paths by turn to God. (p. 255) de Bruyn, 2001 e vergeten beeldentaal van Jheronimus Bosch: de symboliek van de Hooiwagen-triptiek en de Rotterdamse Marskramer-tondo verklaard vanuit Middelnederlandse teksten. #348 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The Pedlar has sometimes been seen as a portrayal of the Prodigal Son [Glück, 1904; de Tolnay, 1937; Baldass, 1943], but the protagonist’s advanced age rules out this reading. Still, it is quite possible that some contemporaries were prompted by the sight of the brothel and the pigs to recall that parable; perhaps this was even the artist’s intention. After all, in the biblical story the son squanders his inheritance among the harlots and subsequently becomes a swineherd. The question of whether the pedlar eventually repents, as the Prodigal Son did, is left unanswered… For the interpretation of this work, the back of The Haywain Triptych [Bosch, ca. 1512-1515] is of great importance… The question is whether the inner sides of the panels of the present dismembered triptych carried a similar message. (p. 294) Lammertse, 2017 Hieronymus Bosch: The pilgrimage of life triptych #398 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar Bosch represented the Prodigal Son in a small tondo… A lean fellow is hastily yet wearily making towards the right, casting a furtive glance backwards. Beset by vicissitudes, burdened with his belongings, in tatterdemalion clothes, he is shaking the dust from his feet. In the left middleground stands the suspect house whence he has been expelled. (p. 56) Friedländer, 1927 Die Altniederländische Malerei, 5 #416 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar De Verloren Zoon (p. 81) Enklaar, 1940 Uit Uilenspiegel’s kring #432 Pigs from The Pedlar De varkens bij den trog vormen de eenige rechtstreeksche toespeling op het bijbelsche verhaal [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:16]; zij verbeelden, hoe de zondaar, naar het woord van den dichter, „o wellust, uit uw trog den draf der zwijnen dronk” [Gossaert, 1919, 126]. (p. 83) Enklaar, 1940 Uit Uilenspiegel’s kring #436 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar Stelt het schilderij nu werkelijk den Verloren Zoon voor? Men heeft het betwijfeld en zelfs radicaal ontkend [Sudeck, 1931, 18; Vermeylen, 1939, 49]. Het grijze haar vooral zou niet passen en de andere détails, ook de zwijnen, kunnen wel als simpele milieuschildering opgevat worden… Maar de verbeelding is meer dan een simpele weergave van den parabel; zij legt den nadruk op het algemeen-menschelijke van het thema… Dat de schilder het menschelijke door het persoonlijke weergegeven heeft, staat voor mij vast. Wie, de middaghoogte des levens overschreden „en tot zichzelven gekomen zijnde” [Luke, 15:17], ontkomt aan stemmingen als van den Verloren Zoon? Al proef ik het subjectieve in het schilderij, toch zou ik niet zoo ver willen gaan als sommigen, die er een zelfportret van Bosch in zien [de Tolnay, 1937, 46ff.; Hannema, 1931, 10; Romein & Romein, 1938, 81; Lafond, 1914, 24]. Men heeft zelfs in den ronden vorm van het schilderij een spiegel meenen te herkennen, „miroir de la r alit ”, die den mensch het ware en goede moet openbaren [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:17; de Tolnay, 1937, 46ff]. Dat zou wel passen bij mijn opvatting van de voorstelling, want, naar Huizinga’s woord, „er was geen groote waarheid, die de middeleeuwsche geest stelliger wist, dan die van het woord aan de Corinthen: „Videmus nunc per speculum in aenigmate, tune autem facie ad faciem” [Huizinga, 1919, 337; English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Corinthians. 13:12]. Wie het algemeenmenschelijke, tegelijk het diepst-eigene, wilde verbeelden, kan zeker naar den spiegelvorm gegrepen hebben. Doch ook de achterzijde van Bosch’ Johannes op Patmos te Berlijn [Bosch, ca. 1500 (Johannes auf Patmos)] en zijn Doornenkroning in het Escuriaal [Bosch, ca. 1510] zijn rond! Het lijkt mij gevaarlijk, schoon verleidelijk, in den ronden vorm een spiegel te willen zien en daaraan geestelijke bedoelingen te verbinden. Liever wil ik de verklaring van Glück aanvaarden, die het ronde proc d waarschijnlijk ontleend acht aan ontwerpen voor glasschilderingen [Glück, 1933, 11; Romein & Romein, 1938, 93]; dus zou het hoogst nuchter een kwestie van techniek zijn, overgehouden uit het vroeger beoefende glazeniersvak. Doch dat vermindert volstrekt niet de subjectieve visie van den kunstenaar op den Verloren Zoon. (pp. 84-85) Enklaar, 1940 Uit Uilenspiegel’s kring #439 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar De verloren zoon (p. 46) Koomen, 1932 Een Bosch in Boymans #440 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar De verloren zoon, even voornaam eenvoudig van voorstelling als inde sobere schildering, is geen uiting der visionnaire verbeelding van een gehallucineerde, gelijk men Bosch wel heeft genoemd. Hier geen spoor van bitteren lust in het onwezenlijke of infernaal-afschrikwekkende, noch van spot met den medemensch, die klein en vreesachtig zich tracht te verbergen voor het arglistige, giftige kwaad, dat hem van alle zijden belaagt… Men kon er een breedvoerige bespiegeling over houden, of Jheronymus Bosch hier geen ander oogmerk heeft gehad dan een bijbelsch tafereel: den verloren zoon, verjaagd van voor een vervallen taveerne, herinnering aan vroeger gevierde orgi n, in beeld te brengen. De eigenaardige vermenging van mystieke gewaarwording met objectieve aanschouwing, die aan het ontstaan van de vele „diableries moet zijn voorafgegaan, heeft hier ontbroken. Mist men echter ook die van verzinnebeelding met realistische opvatting? Is niet aannemelijk, dat de schilder niet alleen een episode uit de bekende gelijkenis heeft willen we rgeven, doch breeder van conceptie, de bedoeling heeft gehad de verlatenheid of verworpenheid uitte beelden? Om een antwoord op de vraag te vinden, kon men zich er rekenschap van geven dat die arme daar op een schoen en een slof gaat, met den hoed inde hand, wat het gissen naar hetgeen men den zin van de schildering zou kunnen noemen, een ruimer gebied opent dan inde gelijkenis ligt omsloten. Daar tegenover herinneren accessoires als een trog met zwijnen en een kalf toch wel onmiddellijk aan die parabel (pp. 48-49) Koomen, 1932 Een Bosch in Boymans #442 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar L’enfant prodigue (p. 23) Huebner, 1943 Jérôme Bosch #465 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar There is little reason to believe, as some scholars do, that the picture represents an episode from the parable of the Prodigal Son [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-3]. (p. 104) Gibson, 1973 Hieronymus Bosch #512 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar There is little reason to believe, as some scholars do, that the picture represents an episode from the parable of the Prodigal Son [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-3]. (p. 63) Bosing, 1987 Hieronymus Bosch c.1450-1516 #520 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The Prodigal Son (pl. 62) Linfert, 1989 Hieronymus Bosch #544 Man on a barrel with five skinny men in the waters from An Allegory of Intemperance … was first published by Tolnay [de Tolnay, 1937], who suggested it might depict an episode concerning the Prodigal Son… Adhémar… believed it to have been a whole symbolising May or Spring) [Adhémar, 1962; Bosch, ca. 1475-1500, “La Nef des fous (The Ship of Fools)”]… Baldass believed it, instead, to be part of a panel illustrating the Deadly Sins [Baldass, 1959]. Bax (1949) viewed it as the summer feast of a merry party, and interpreted the various objects as symbols of forbidden love. The fragment depicts in a lively style akin to that of The Ship of Fools [Bosch, ca. 1475-1500, “La Nef des fous (The Ship of Fools)”] and with a delightful lightness of touch, Lust (a couple of lovers under a tent) and Gluttony, in the shape of a sort of Flemish Silenus [Seymour, 1961] bestriding a floating cask from which wine spills: this figure inspired the ‘Carnival’ of Bruegel’s Carnival and Lent in Vienna [Bruegel, 1559, “The Fight between Carnival and Lent”]. (p. 93) Cinotti, 1966 The complete paintings of Bosch #545 Couple in a pink tent with clothes on shore from An Allegory of Intemperance … was first published by Tolnay [de Tolnay, 1937], who suggested it might depict an episode concerning the Prodigal Son… Adhémar… believed it to have been a whole symbolising May or Spring) [Adhémar, 1962; Bosch, ca. 1475-1500]… Baldass believed it, instead, to be part of a panel illustrating the Deadly Sins [Baldass, 1959]. Bax (1949) viewed it as the summer feast of a merry party, and interpreted the various objects as symbols of forbidden love. The fragment depicts in a lively style akin to that of The Ship of Fools [Bosch, ca. 1475-1500] and with a delightful lightness of touch, Lust (a couple of lovers under a tent) and Gluttony, in the shape of a sort of Flemish Silenus [Seymour, 1961] bestriding a floating cask from which wine spills: this figure inspired the ‘Carnival’ of Bruegel’s Carnival and Lent in Vienna [Bruegel, 1559 (The Fight between Carnival and Lent)]. (p. 93) Cinotti, 1966 The complete paintings of Bosch #547 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The Prodigal Son (p. 112) Cinotti, 1966 The complete paintings of Bosch #548 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar It used to be thought that it represented the Prodigal Son (p. 112) Cinotti, 1966 The complete paintings of Bosch #550 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The painting does not obviously depict the story of the Prodigal Son, as told in Luke xv; 11 32 [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32], where the son is still a young man at the time of his return. Such features as the ramshackle public-house and its inmates do not belong to the biblical story. Tolnay tries to account for these motifs by saying that the man is not simply the Prodigal, he is Everyman, and thus Bosch can give himself scope in his motifs [de Tolnay, 1965]. (p. 112) Cinotti, 1966 The complete paintings of Bosch #561 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The Prodigal Son (pl. 58) Harris, 1995 The secret heresy of Hieronymus Bosch #585 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The Prodigal Son (p. 257) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #588 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar Only a painter to whom the parable of Jesus was more than just a theme could have done this. Only a man with first-hand knowledge of the labyrinth of remorse, a man personally tested by temptation, could have caught that facial expression and concentrated it into such a state of spiritual shock that we feel as though, in the Prodigal Son’s backward look, all the woes of mankind had laid hold of us. The picture is, then, not an illustration but the religious witness of a man who, recognizing himself in the parable, felt called upon to capture exactly that remorseful look. Many painters have treated this theme. Bosch’s Dutch contemporaries usually travestied it in genre scenes of dissolute life in bawdyhouses. Either they showed the good-for-nothing living riotously or they played up the fatted calf as the highlight of his homecoming [Fraenger, 1999, 430, 102; van Hemessen, ca. 1540]. Bosch’s austerely interiorized painting, in which the spiritual happening is the only thing that counts, is the very opposite of those superficial genre paintings. This is a pictorial “metanoeite !”-a penitential picture that seeks not only to depict conversion but to inspire it. The hitherto accepted classification of this work as “a genre painting with a moral message” does not begin to do justice to its penitential energy. Genre paintings exploit the sensuous appeal of full, burgeoning life; Bosch is trying to render the ideal transparency of each and every factor of reality. His “moralizing” has the lofty intention of widening the pictorial stage into a moral institution [Fraenger, 1999, 430, note 103; Glück, 1904; Friedländer, 1927, 102; Hannema, 1931; de Tolnay, 1937, 46; Combe, 1946, 46-47; Benesch, 1957; Baldass, 1943, 62; Philip, 1958]. (p. 258) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #596 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The outward characterization of the Prodigal Son [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32] stresses his degradation in order to bring out the more strikingly the signs of his inner resurgence. His haggard face looks too old for his age; his hair, sticking up through the holes in his hood, is prematurely gray. His coat, worn as it is, cannot quite hide its once stylish cut. The cobbler’s thread and awl stuck in his hat stand for drudgery, for shoddy patchwork and futile toil. In his Eulenspigel engraving of 1520 Lucas van Leyden also shows a hank of yarn and a darning needle stuck in the father’s hat, as well as a spoon like the one the Prodigal carries in his back pack-proof that the spoon is a symbol of vagabondage [van Leyden, 1520]. (p. 259) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #603 Right leg with torn trouser from The Pedlar But an even more incisive mark of the Prodigal’s inner turnaround is his gait: a loose-kneed falling forward, a shuffle in which the soles of the feet barely leave the ground, a limp sagging at the knees as though an insupportable burden were crushing him as he staggers on his way. This expressive movement, characteristic of Bosch, has the effect of a definition, which, like Seneca’s “errare humanum est” or the Demosthenian “it is only the gods who never err,” sees human journeying as endless stumbling; God’s steadfastness alone offers a firm footing. We recall the words of the Psalmist: “My foot slippeth; thy mercy, O Lord, held me up” [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Psalm, 94:18]. Does not the puppetlike movement of the Prodigal’s limbs suggest that he is being drawn along by a higher hand? [Fraenger, 1999, 431, note 104; Baldass, 1943, 232; Bax, 1948] (p. 259) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #604 Left leg with bandage from The Pedlar But an even more incisive mark of the Prodigal’s inner turnaround is his gait: a loose-kneed falling forward, a shuffle in which the soles of the feet barely leave the ground, a limp sagging at the knees as though an insupportable burden were crushing him as he staggers on his way. This expressive movement, characteristic of Bosch, has the effect of a definition, which, like Seneca’s “errare humanum est” or the Demosthenian “it is only the gods who never err,” sees human journeying as endless stumbling; God’s steadfastness alone offers a firm footing. We recall the words of the Psalmist: “My foot slippeth; thy mercy, O Lord, held me up” [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Psalm, 94:18]. Does not the puppetlike movement of the Prodigal’s limbs suggest that he is being drawn along by a higher hand? [Fraenger, 1999, 431, note 104; Baldass, 1943, 232; Bax, 1948] (p. 259) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #607 Hanging birdcage from The Pedlar It represents the spiritual conversion of the Prodigal, and is therefore to be regarded as his soul-bird. We see it first in a cage outside the sinister house, representing the hero’s past entanglement in the evil world. In those days a birdcage hanging at the door was the sign of a brothel. Then the bird escapes and, like the birds that so often show people the way in fairy tales, flutters ahead of the fugitive and perches on the bottom bar of the gate-the direction his feet must take. Finally it soars to the top of a high pole from where it can see his father’s house rising out of the trees… Bosch borrowed the magpie symbol from a medieval world poem, Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival, to which the famous magpie paradigm serves as an introduction [von Eschenbach, ca. 1200-1210]. For him the black-and-white magpie colors stand for zwivel (doubt), not in the present-day sense of vacillating faith or conscience but in the original sense of “zwie-fall” (duality), i.e., the fundamentally given polarity of cosmic, moral, and metaphysical powers. (p. 260) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #608 Bird on wooden gate or fence from The Pedlar It represents the spiritual conversion of the Prodigal, and is therefore to be regarded as his soul-bird. We see it first in a cage outside the sinister house, representing the hero’s past entanglement in the evil world. In those days a birdcage hanging at the door was the sign of a brothel. Then the bird escapes and, like the birds that so often show people the way in fairy tales, flutters ahead of the fugitive and perches on the bottom bar of the gate-the direction his feet must take. Finally it soars to the top of a high pole from where it can see his father’s house rising out of the trees. (p. 260) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #609 Small bird on tree from The Pedlar It represents the spiritual conversion of the Prodigal, and is therefore to be regarded as his soul-bird. We see it first in a cage outside the sinister house, representing the hero’s past entanglement in the evil world. In those days a birdcage hanging at the door was the sign of a brothel. Then the bird escapes and, like the birds that so often show people the way in fairy tales, flutters ahead of the fugitive and perches on the bottom bar of the gate-the direction his feet must take. Finally it soars to the top of a high pole from where it can see his father’s house rising out of the trees. (p. 260) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #615 Figure beside the old tavern from The Pedlar … the spit and image of the Prodigal Son [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32] makes a temporary appearance under the “White Swan” sign. Hunched forward with knees bent, like his double, he is engaged in repaying the sinister house in its own coin for pleasure it has afforded him. (p. 265) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #620 Wooden gate with ox and bird from The Pedlar The spiritual analogy with the Prodigal Son [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32] is obvious: Here a son has been lost to God (just as Adam was) because in the idleness of his dissolute life he totally forgot that the six days of Creation should be the model for man’s creative daily work. Instead, he lived his lives according to the “six things the Lord doth hate,” which are likewise enumerated in Proverbs [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Proverbs, 6:9-19]. (p. 265) Fraenger, 1999 Hieronymus Bosch #650 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The fact that Bosch chose not to depict the traveller as a pilgrim does not mean he is not one, but it does make the figure less clear-cut. It is understandable, therefore, that this wayfarer has also been variously described in the art-historical literature as the ‘Prodigal Son’, the ‘Pedlar’ and ‘Everyman’. The theme of the repentant sinner and that of the Prodigal Son do not rule one another out, though – one is the extension of the other. The detail with the pigs at a trough in front of the inn towards which the wayfarer looks back is so striking that it is hard to believe a viewer in Bosch’s time could have seen it without immediately thinking of the familiar parable [de Bruyn, 2001, 165–97; English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32]. The fact that the man has a pack on his back argues against his identification as the Prodigal Son, but it does not make him a pedlar either, which is why the more neutral term ‘wayfarer’ has been used here [Schreiber, 1926, 32-33, no. 820-825]. (p. 320) Ilsink et al., 2016 Hieronymus Bosch. Painter and Draughtsman #673 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar In the Boymans Museum in Rotterdam there is a circular Jerome Bosch which shows a large figure of a lame peddler the outskirts of a village or town. In 1904 the this painting was explained by Gustav Glück as the Prodigal Son [Glück, 1904; Glück, 1933; English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32]. Besides the pitiable appearance of the main figure it was such details as the swine and the disorderly inn on the left and the calf on the right such an identification. Many scholars have accepted since [Gossart, 1907, 88f.; Justi, 1908, 75; Cohen, 1909a, 259; Cohen, 1909b; Heidrich, 1910, 41; Fourcaud, 1912, 19; Lafond, 1914, 76f.; Pfister, 1922, 24; Schürmeyer, 1923, 68f.; Friedländer, 1927, 102; Dülberg, 1929, 113; Hannema, 1931, 2f.; Koomen, 1932, 45f.; Smits, 1933, 76; Fierens, 1936, 37-42; de Tolnay, 1937, 46f., 98, no. 28; Beets, 1938, 123f.; Beets, 1946, 177; Beets, 1954, 274f.; Brion, 1938, 32; Enklaar, 1940, 77f.; Combe, 1946, 43, 94, no.112-125; Combe, 1957, 48f., 93, no. 122-125; Leymarie, 1949, XII; Fraenger, 1951, 27-39; Vetter, 1955, XXIX-XXX; Puyvelde, 1956, 103f.; Wertheim Aymès, 1957, 42, 79f]. (p. 1) Philip, 1958 The Peddler by Hieronymus Bosch, a study in detectio #674 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar Even the critics who agreed with Glück needed supplementary theories in addition to the “Prodigal Son theory” in order to explain these features [Glück, 1904; Glück, 1933; Puyvelde, 1956, 103f.; de Tolnay, 1937, 46f.].There are, moreover, many scholars who doubted the correctness of Glück’s interpretation on the whole and tried to disprove it [Conway, 1921, 341f.; Winkler, 1924, 165; Baldass, 1926, 117; Baldass, 1938, 69; Baldass, 1943, 18, 232; Sudeck, 1931, 17f.; Vermeylen, 1939, 48f.; van den Bossche, 1944, 46; Meijer, 1946, 2f.; De Boschère, 1947, 20; Bax, 1949, 222f.; Pigler, 1950, 132f.; Seligmann, 1953, 97f.]. Yet the new interpretations offered have remained somewhat general and vague. The painting has never been linked to any other traditional theme as well- known and well-defined as the story of the parable. It is therefore by no means surprising that the name The Prodigal Son has clung to Bosch’s representation, though it is sometimes also called The Peddler. (p. 3) Philip, 1958 The Peddler by Hieronymus Bosch, a study in detectio #780 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar He has been called, among other things, the Prodigal Son [Glück, 190, 177ff.; de Tolnay, 1966, 369], the Wayfarer [Baldass, 1943, 232], a fool [Combe, 1946, 78], a peddler [Seligmann, 1953, 104; Renger, 1969, 66-67; Tuttle, 1981, 88:note 6; Mollat, 1966, 17; de Tolnay, 1966, 179], Saturn [Pigler, 1950, 132-136], a personification of melancholy [Philip, 1958, 115-132], a man endangered by the sin of sloth [Zupnick, 1981, 1-81], a drunkard [Bax 1949, 222-230; Bax, 1962, 1-14], and Everyman, the Christian pilgrim [Gibson, 1973, 101-106]. (p. 88) Tuttle, 1981 Bosch’s Image of Poverty #797 Left leg with bandage from The Pedlar The fact that the Rotterdam poor man has lost a shoe leads to the same conclusion. Drunkenness and consorting with prostitutes were condemned for being extravagant as well as sinful pastimes in the Middle Ages. They were denounced by moralists who formulated bleak descriptions of the consequences of such unseemly, immoderate activities [Owst, 1953, 425-441; Renger, 1970]. The loss of one’s clothing and particularly one’s shoes as a result of gambling and other forms of prodigality in the taverns was a familiar topos in such literature throughout the Middle Ages [Renger, 1970, 20; Tuttle, 1981, 94:note 60]. Popular texts that elaborated upon the parable of the Prodigal Son were convenient vehicles for the expression of these moralizations [Renger, 1970, 23-70]. One of the most poignant depictions of the Prodigal Son in poverty appears in a series of tondos, today in Basel, that illustrates the various episodes of the parable [Der verlorene Sohn beim Spiel im Freudenhaus, ca. 1520]. The Prodigal Son is shown in wretched poverty, seated before a meager fire. One of his shoes is missing. (p. 94) Tuttle, 1981 Bosch’s Image of Poverty #799 Catskin on backpack from The Pedlar The meaning of the catskin hanging on the poor man’s basket is more enigmatic. However, some popular association between dead cats and dissipation may be suggested by the appearance of another dead cat in the Basel tondo of the Prodigal Son in poverty. This popular association may have been current in Italy as well. Condivi’s explanation of the panther skin that Michelangelo’s figure of Bacchus holds states that the cat is dead because it is meant to symbolize the fatal consequences of dissolute living [Condivi, 1927, 28]. (p. 95) Tuttle, 1981 Bosch’s Image of Poverty #858 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar The more specific identity of this figure as a peddler can be determined by observing that he carries a rncksack for his goods [Renger, 1969; de Bruyn, 2001 (Hieronymous Bosch’s So-Called Prodigal Son Tondo); de Bruyn, 2001]. His poverty is obvious from his scruffy costume with holes in the knee and from his bandaged leg with unmatched footwear. But he does have a small coin purse with a knife at his waist. He passes by a country inn that obviously doubles as a brothel, as the caged bird under the cave makes explicit… Earlier scholars attempted to interpret the main figure as the Prodigal Son of the gospel parable [English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Luke, 15:11-32], who is reduced to repentant poverty by wine, women, and song in taverns, and forced to dwell among swine. But this figure is grey-haired rather than youthful, and there is no reason in the parable for him to carry a peddler’s pack, either before he squanders his patrimony or afterwards. (p. 254) Silver, 2006 Hieronymus Bosch #860 Backpack from The Pedlar That pack certainly explains why Bosch’s figure is an itinerant, wandering the countryside. Because of his specific occupation, the Rotterdam vagrant cannot be fully allegorized as a true everyman, Augustine’s man-the-pilgrim moving through this world, as some scholars have argued [Chew, 1962; Tuve, 1966, 145-218]. Of course this allegory underlies the Puritan John Bunyan’s famous Pilgrim’s Progress [Bunyan, 1678], a consideration of the World, the Flesh, and the Devil. But peddlers in the sixteenth century were frequently associated with tavern life, that is, with gambling, drinking, and deceit. Such a figure actually appears with his pack behind the name figure in the Prodigal Son by Jan van Hemessen [van Hemessen, 1536]; he holds dice, and his clothing contrasts with the extravagant fasluons of the Prodigal Son himself (the denouement of the parable with both the swine and the return to the father appears in miniature in the background) [Renger, 1970, 27]. (p. 254) Silver, 2006 Hieronymus Bosch #861 Ragged poor man from The Pedlar That pack certainly explains why Bosch’s figure is an itinerant, wandering the countryside. Because of his specific occupation, the Rotterdam vagrant cannot be fully allegorized as a true everyman, Augustine’s man-the-pilgrim moving through this world, as some scholars have argued [Chew, 1962; Tuve, 1966, 145-218]. Of course this allegory underlies the Puritan John Bunyan’s famous Pilgrim’s Progress [Bunyan, 1678], a consideration of the World, the Flesh, and the Devil. But peddlers in the sixteenth century were frequently associated with tavern life, that is, with gambling, drinking, and deceit. Such a figure actually appears with his pack behind the name figure in the Prodigal Son by Jan van Hemessen [van Hemessen, 1536]; he holds dice, and his clothing contrasts with the extravagant fasluons of the Prodigal Son himself (the denouement of the parable with both the swine and the return to the father appears in miniature in the background) [Renger, 1970, 27]. (p. 254) Silver, 2006 Hieronymus Bosch