Research

Research information is categorised and organised via tabs. Please select the various tabs to view the desired information.

Achievements
Citations
Committees
Keynotes
Conferences
Supervision

Research Achievements
- Schubert is a top library and information science (LIS) researcher in the Asia-Pacific

A 2006 study of scholarly research authorship from the Asia Pacific region in top library and information science journals for the period 1967 to 2005 by Park (2006) ranked Schubert Foo as the most contributed author in the top 20 journals and most contributed author in information science journals. These top journals are ranked by ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) Journal Citation Reports' impact factors in the Information and Science journal categories. Examples of these journals include Journal of American Society for Information Science and Technology, Information & Management, Journal of Documentation, Information Processing & Management, Journal of Information Science, Information Research and Scientometrics.

Park, T.K. (2006). Authorship from the Asia and Pacific Region in top Library and Information Science journals. Proc. Asia-Pacific conference on library & information science education & practice (A-LIEP 2006). Singapore, April 3-6, 555-564.
View article and Afternote

Service Achievements

Schubert was awarded the Public Administration Medal (Silver) by the President of the Republic of Singapore in 2007 in recognition of the “outstanding work and contributions to education in Singapore” (Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Minister of Education; Dr Su Guaning, President, NTU), and his “devotion to the University” (Dr Su Guaning, President, NTU). He was also awarded the Long Service Award in 2013 for his 25 years of educational work and contribution to Nanyang Technological University.


Research Interests

  • Internet & multimedia technologies, multilingual information retrieval, digital libraries,information & knowledge management, information literacy, social media innovations.

Research Citation Information
(as of February 2021)

  • Google Scholar: 6803
  • Google h-Index: 41
  • Google i10-index: 124

Last latest citation information, please visit Google Scholar

 


Professional Memberships/Boards

  • Chartered Engineer (CEng), The Engineering Council, United Kingdom, 1987-
  • Chartered IT Professional (CITP), British Computer Society, United Kingdom, 2004-
  • Fellow (Corporate), Institution of Mechanical Engineers (FIMechE), United Kingdom, 2000-
  • Fellow (Corporate), British Computer Society (FBCS), United Kingdom, 2000-
  • Member, Media Literacy Council, Media Authority of Singapore, 2012-2014
  • Member, National Archives Advisory Committee, 2012-2014
  • Board Member, National Library Board, Singapore, 2003-2011
  • Board Member, National Archives of Singapore, 2001-2007
  • Advisor/Adjunct Member, National Archives of Singapore Board, 2007-2012
  • Chairman, National Library Advisory Committee, Singapore, 2005-2012
  • Advisor, NLB Digital Library Advisory Committee, Singapore, 2006-2007
  • Member, National Library Board Establishment Committee, Singapore, 2003-2005

Editorial Boards

  • Journal of Information Science, (Journal of the Institute of Information Scientists), Bowker-Saur, United Kingdom, 2003-2010
  • Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, (Journal of the Information and Knowledge Management Society), World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 2004-2009
  • International Yearbook of Library and Information Management 2004-2005: Scholarly publishing in an electronic era, Facet Publishing, London.
  • International Yearbook of Library and Information Management 2003-2004: Metadata applications and management., Facet Publishing, London.
  • International Journal of Cases on Electronic Commerce (IJCEC), Information Resources Management Association (IRMA), Idea Group Publishing, 2004-
  • Journal of Cases on Information Technology (JCIT), Idea Group Publishing, 2007-
  • Journal of Information Technology Research (JITR), IGI Global, 2007-
  • Journal of Library & Information Science Research (JLISR), Taiwan, 2006-
  • Journal of Library & Information Studies (JLIS), Taiwan, 2006-


Advisory/Steering/Special Committees

  • Steering Committee, Ministry of Communications, Information and the Arts Singapore Memories Project, 2010-2014
  • DCMI Oversight Committee, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, 2009-2011
  • Steering Committee, Consortium of i-Schools in Asia Pacific (CiSAP), 2008-
  • Steering Committee, International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL), 2003 -
  • Advisory Committee, Asia-Pacific Conference on Library & Information Education and Practice, Singapore, April 3-6, 2006
  • Chairman, National Library Task Force on Legal Deposits of Materials, Singapore, 2004.
  • Steering Committee, CONSAL XI (Eleventh Congress of SouthEast Asian Librarians), Singapore, 2000


Journal Reviewer (Selected – alphabetically arranged)

  • ACM Computing Surveys
  • Aslib Journal of Information Management, Emerald
  • Computer Communications, Elsevier Science.
  • Computers in Industry, Elsevier Science.
  • Decision Support Systems, Elsevier Science.
  • Educational Research and Reviews, Academic Journals
  • Hong Kong Institute of Engineers Transactions.
  • IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Computer Society
  • IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Computer Society
  • Information Development, Sage
  • International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, Common Ground.
  • International Journal of Systems Science, Taylor & Francis.
  • Information Processing & Management, Elsevier Science.
  • Journal of Information Science, Bowker-Saur.
  • Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, World Scientific.
  • Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology (JASIST), John Wiley.
  • Telematics and Informatics, Elsevier Science

Keynote and Invited Speeches

  • Keynote Speaker, “The ETD management ecosystem", 21st International Symposium on Electronic Theses and Dissertations, ETD 2018, Taipei, Taiwan, September 26-28.
  • Invited Speaker, “Remaining relevant in the library and information society", A case study of the Nanyang Technological University Libraries", Korean Library and Information Science Society (KLISS 2015) Winter International Conference, College of Social Sciences, Keinyung University, Daegu, South Korea, 6 November 2015.
  • Invited Speaker, “Educating library and information science professionals in Singapore", Special Lecture, Department of Library & Information Science, Graduate School of Keinyung University, Daegu, South Korea, 5 November 2015.
  • Invited Speaker, “Library and information science education in Singapore and beyond”, Kyushu University, Japan, April 21, 2011
  • Invited Speaker, “Singapore Memory Project: The journey and lessons learnt so far”, Victoria University of Wellington, February 3, 2011
  • Invited Speaker, “Libraries for life: A case study of National Library Board, Singapore”, International Conference Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science, Seoul, Korea, October 9, 2010.
  • Invited Speaker, “University archives in a Web 2.0 world”, City University, Hong Kong, April 23, 2010.
  • Invited Speaker, “A case study of information literacy education in Singapore”, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan, September 4, 2009.
  • Invited Speaker, “Library trends and library training in Singapore”, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan, September 5, 2009.
  • Keynote Speaker, Going virtual for enhanced library experience: A case study of the National Library of Singapore, VALA2008 14th Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia, February 2008.
  • Keynote Speaker, "Building an information society for all: The library environment and stakeholder roles" International Conference on Libraries, Information and Society (ICoLIS 2007), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, June, 2007
  • Invited Speaker, "Working together in developing library and information education in the Asia Pacific", 9th International Conference of Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2006), Kyoto, Japan, November, 2006.
  • Opening Address, Seminar on "Managing & accessing digital records", National Archives of Singapore, Singapore, October 12, 2005.
  • Invited Speaker, “Collaborative query previews in digital libraries", International Conference on Digital Libraries (ICDL'2004), TERI The Energy and Resources Institute, Habitat Place, New Delhi, February 2004.
  • Opening Address, Records Management Seminar on "Records, Information, Knowledge: Corporate Cornerstones", National Archives of Singapore, Singapore, January 14, 2003.
  • Keynote Speaker, "Academic libraries in transition: Challenges ahead”, Conference on Library Administration and Management in the Digital Age, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, May 2002.
  • Keynote Speaker, “Academic libraries in transition: Challenges ahead” World Library Summit : Academic Library Seminar, National Library Board, Singapore, April 2002.
  • Keynote Speaker, “Media resource libraries: Challenges and opportunities”, Library@School Conference: Information Services & Management in the New Millennium, Ministry of Education, Singapore, December 1999
  • Invited Speaker, “Academic libraries in transition: Challenges ahead”, Conference on Library Administration and Management in the Digital Age, Feng Chia University, Taiwan , May 2002.
  • Invited Speaker, “Electronic documents: What lies ahead?”, 4th International Conference of Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2001), Bangalore, India , December 10-12, 2001
  • Invited Speaker, “Educating knowledge professionals through a graduate programme in information studies: A Singapore perspective”, 3rd Digital Library Conference: Positioning the Fountain of Knowledge, Pustaka Negri Sarawak: Kuching, Sarawak , Malaysia, 2001.


Conference Chair

  • Conference General Co-Chair, 8th International Conference on Preservation of Digital Objects (iPRES2011), Singapore, November 1-4.
  • Doctoral Consortium Co-Chair, Joint JCDL/ICADL International Digital Libraries Conference 2010 (2010 JCDL/ICADL) Gold Coast, Australia, June 21.
  • Conference General Chair, 5th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2002), Singapore, 2002. December 11-14.

Conference Organising Committee

  • Program Co-Chair, DCMI International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications (DC-2012), Kuching, Sarawak, September 3-7, 2012
  • Publicity Chair, 14th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL2011), Beijing, China, October 24-27, 2011.
  • Publicity Chair, 13th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL2009), Corfu, Greece, September 27-October 2, 2009.
  • Publicity Chair, ACM/IEEE 8th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2008), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, June 15-20, 2008
  • Tutorial Chair, ACM/IEEE 4th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2004), Tucson, Arizona, USA, 2004.
  • Organising Committee Member, POST CONSAL XI Workshop on Information Studies Education (WISE), Division of Information Studies, Nanyang Technological University,

International Conferences Program Committee

  • Program Committee, 40th International Association of Technological University Libraries (IATUL) Conference (IATUL2019), Perth, Australia, June 23-37, 2019
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2019), Urbana-Champaign, Illinois,U.S.A., June 2-6 2019
  • Program Committee, 20th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL2018), Hamilton, New Zealand, November 19-22, 2018
  • Program Committee, 81st Annual Meeting of the Association of Information Science and Technology (2018 ASIS&T AM), Vancouver, Canada, November 10-14, 2018
  • Program Committee, 22nd International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL2018), Porto, Portugal, Thessaloniki, Greece, September, 10-13, 2018
  • Program Committee, Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2018), Fort Worth, Texas, June 3-6, 2018
  • Program Committee, 19th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL2017),Bangkok, Thailand, November 13-15, 2017
  • Program Committee, 8th Asia-Pacific Conference on Library & Information Education and Practice (A-LIEP2017),Bangkok, Thailand, November 13-15, 2017
  • Program Committee, 80th Annual Meeting of the Association of Information Science and Technology (2017 ASIS&T AM), Washington, DC, October 27-Noveember 1, 2017
  • Program Committee, 21st International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL2017), Thessaloniki, Greece, September, 18-21, 2017
  • Program Committee, Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2017), Toronto, Canada, June 19-23, 2017
  • Program Committee, 18th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL2016), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, December, 7-9, 2016
  • Program Committee, 7th Asia-Pacific Conference on Library & Information Education and Practice (A-LIEP2016), Nanjing, China, November 3-4, 2016
  • Program Committee, European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL2016), Prague, Czech Republic, October, 10-13, 2016
  • Program Committee, IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics 2016 (ICHI2016), Chicago, Illinois, USA, October 4-7, 2016
  • Program Committee, 20th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL2016), Hannover, Germany, September, 5-9, 2016
  • Program Committee, 6th International Conference on Social Media Technologies, Communcation, and Informatics (SOTICS2016), Rome, Italy, August 21-25, 2016
  • Program Committee, Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2016), Neward, New Jersey, USA, June 19-23, 2016
  • Program Committee, 19th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL2015), Poznan, Poland, September, 14-18, 2015
  • Program Committee, IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics 2015 (ICHI2015), Dallas, Texas, USA, October 21-23, 2015
  • Program Committee, European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL2015), Tallinn, Estonia, October, 19-22, 2015
  • Program Committee, Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2015), Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, June 21-25, 2015
  • Program Committee, 7th International Conference on Advances in Multimedia (MMEDIA2015), Barcelona, Spain, April 19-24, 2015
  • Program Committee, 16th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL2014), Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 5-7, 2014
  • Program Committee, European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL2014), Dubrovnik, Croatia, October 20-23, 2014.
  • Metareview Committee, Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (DL2014: Joint JCDL2014 & TPDL 2014), London, UK, September 8-12, 2014
  • Program Committee, International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2013), Bangalore, India, December 9-11, 2013.
  • Program Committee, European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL), Istanbul, Turkey, October 22-25, 2013.
  • Program Committee, 5th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Library & Information Education and Practice (A-LIEP2013), Khon Kean City, Thailand, July 10-12, 2013.
  • Metareview Committee, International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL2013), Valletta, Malta, September 22-26, 2013.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2013), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 22-026, 2013.
  • Program Committee, International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2012), Taipei, Taiwan, November 12-15, 2012.
  • Metareview Committee, International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL2012), Cyprus, September 23-27, 2012.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2012 (JCDL2012), Washington, DC, USA, June 10-14, 2012.
  • Program Committee, 14th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries (ICADL2011), Beijing, China, October 24-27, 2011.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2011 (JCDL2011), Ottawa, Canada, June 13-17, 2011.
  • Program Committee, 14th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL2010), Glasgow, United Kingdom, September, Corfu, Greece, September 6-10, 2010.
  • Program Committee, 12th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2010), Brisbane, Australia, June 21-25, 2010.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE 10th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2010), Brisbane, Australia, June 21-25, 2010.
  • Program Committee, 9th International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications (DC-2009), Seoul, Korea, October 12-16, 2009
  • Program Committee, 13th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL2009), Corfu, Greece, September 27-October 2, 2009.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE 9th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2009), Austin, Texas, USA, June 15-19, 2009.
  • Program Committee, 11th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2008), Bali, Indonesia, December 2-5, 2008.
  • Program Committee, 12th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL2008), Aarhus, Denmark, September 14-19, 2008.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE 8th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2008), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, June 15-20, 2008.
  • Program Committee, 10th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2007), Hanoi, Vietnam, December 10-13, 2007.
  • Program Committee, 11th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL2007), Budapest, Hungary, September 16-21, 2007.
  • Program Committee, 7th International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications (DC-2007), Singapore, August 27-31, 2007.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE 7th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2007), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, June 17-23, 2006.
  • Program Committee, Information Resources Management Association (IRMA) International Conference (IRMA2007), Vancouver, Canada, May 19-23, 2007.
  • Program Committee, 9th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2006), Kyoto, Japan, November 27-30, 2006.
  • Program Committee, International Conference on Digital Libraries (ICDL 2006), New Delhi, India, December 5-8, 2006
  • Program Committee, 10th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL2006), Alicante, Spain, September 17-22, 2006.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE 6th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2006), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, June 11-15, 2006.
  • Program Committee, Information Resources Management Association (IRMA) International Conference (IRMA2006), Washington, D.C., USA, May 21-24, 2006.
  • Program Committee, 8th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2005), Bangkok, Thailand, December 12-15, 2005.
  • Program Committee, 10th International Conference on Scientometrics & Informatics (ISSI 2005),Stockholm, Sweden, July 24-28, 2005.
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE 5th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2005), Denver, Colorado, USA, June 7-11, 2005.
  • Program Committee, Information Resources Management Association (IRMA) International Conference (IRMA2005), San Diego, California, USA, May 15-18, 2005.
  • Program Committee, International Conference on Information Management in a Knowledge Society (ICIM2005), Indian Association of Special Libraries & Information Centres, Mumbai, India, February 21-25, 2005.
  • Program Committee, 7th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2004), Shanghai, P.R. China, December 13-17, 2004.
  • Program Committee, IASTED International Conference on Knowledge Sharing and Collaborative Engineering (KSCE2004), St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, USA, November 22-24, 2004.St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands
  • Program Committee, ACM/IEEE 4th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL2004), Tucson, Arizona, USA, June 7-11, 2004.
  • Program Committee, International Symposium on Digital Libraries and Knowledge Communities Networked Information Society (DLKC04), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, March 2-5. 2004.
  • Program Committee, Information Resources Management Association (IRMA) International Conference (IRMA2004), New Orleans, USA, May 23-26, 2004.
  • Program Committee, 26th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference (SIGIR2003): Semantic Web Workshop, Toronto, Canada, July 28 – August 1, 2003.
  • Program Committee, 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Multimedia Computing and Networking (IMMCN2003), Cary, North Carolina, USA, September 26-30, 2003.
  • Program Committee, IASTED International Conference on Information and Knowledge Sharing (IKS2003), Scottsdale, Arizona, USA, November 17-19, 2003.
  • Program Committee, 9th International Conference on Scientometrics & Informatics (ISSI2003),Beijing, China, August 25-29, 2003.
  • Program Committee, 6th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2003), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 8-12, 2003.
  • Program Committee, International Workshop on Intelligent Multimedia Computing and Networking (IMMCN2002), Durham, North Carolina, USA, March 2002
  • Program Committee, 4th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL2001), Bangalore, India, December 2001.
  • Program Committee, 8th International Conference on Scientometrics & Informatics (ISSI 2001), Sydney, Australia, July 2001.
  • Program Committee, 3rd Asian Digital Library Conference (ADL2000), Seoul, Korea, December 2000.
  • Program Committee, Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, IRAL '99, Taipei, November, 1999.
  • Program Committee, Digital Libraries Asia 98 Conference and Exhibition: The Digital Era: Implications, Challenges and Issues, Singapore, March 1998.
  • Program Committee, Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, IRAL '98, Singapore, November 1998.


Research Supervision
(Arranged from oldest to newest)

 

S/No Student Degree Project Title Supervisor Status
1 Liu Shigong MASc An intelligent Web-based helpdesk for customer service support Schubert Foo Completed 1999
2 Yip See Wai MPhil Enhancing play out performance for Internet video communications Schubert Foo Completed 1999
3 Lim Hong Koon MPhil Chinese text retrieval system Schubert Foo Completed 1999
4 Li Hui MASc Chinese text segmentation for information retrieval Schubert Foo Completed 2000
5 Tan Bing MASc Web information monitoring Schubert Foo Completed 2001
6 Ruan Yang MASc Virtual archive exhibition system: A tool to access cultural and heritage resources Ramaiah Chennupati
Schubert Foo
Completed 2005
7 Bonnie Cheuk Wai Yi Ph.D. The derivation of a 'situational' information seeking and use process model in the workplace context: Employing sense-making Schubert Foo Completed 2000
8 Ding Ying Ph.D. Scholarly communication in information retrieval: A cogitation analysis and its application Gobinda Chowdhury
Schubert Foo
Completed 2001
9 Liew Chern Li Ph.D. An information environment for enhanced integrated access and value-adding to electronic documents Schubert Foo
Ramaiah Chennupati
Completed 2002
10 N. Meyyappan Ph.D. Digital work environment for the academic community Schubert Foo Completed 2005
11 Fu Lin Ph.D Collaborative Querying for Enhanced Information Retrieval Dion Goh
Schubert Foo
Completed 2006
12 Intan Azura binte Mokhtar Ph.D. Information literacy education in the context of project work: Application Of Multiple Intelligences And Mediated Learning Shaheen Majid
Schubert Foo
Completed 2008
13 Lee Chu Keong Ph.D. Developing a theory of voluntary, informal, knowledge sharing Schubert Foo Completed 2008
14 Chan Soon Keng Ph.D. Knowledge and application: Abstract writing of ESL research scholars Schubert Foo Completed 2009
15 Lee Shu Shing Ph.D. Derivation of Interface Features for User-Centric Information Retrieval Systems Theng Yin Leng
Dion Goh
Schubert Foo
Completed 2009
16 Esther Tan Ph.D. Information Retrieval on Mobile Devices Dion Goh
Theng Yin Leng
Schubert Foo
Completed 2012
17 Zhang Xue Ph.D. The Role of Information Literacy Skills in Environmental Scanning as a Strategic Information System – A Study of SMEs in Singapore Shaheen Majid
Schubert Foo
Completed 2012
18 Shalini Chandra Ph.D. A value trust theoretic model for online social network Theng Yin Leng
May Lwin
Schubert Foo
Completed 2012
19 Li Jinhui Ph.D. Investigating geriatric depression and impact of digitally-mediated technologies for mental and social well-being Theng Yin Leng
Schubert Foo
Completed 2017
20 Sesagiri Raamkumar Aravind Ph.D. Towards a multi-criteria hybrid recommender system for assisting researchers in literature review and manuscript writing tasks Schubert Foo
Natalie Pang
Completed 2018
21 Cliff Loke Ph.D. Design and evaluation of a  video retrieval environment for exploratory searches in a learning context Schubert Foo
Shaheen Majid
Completed 2020
22 Ariffin Kawaja Ph.D. Arousal as a Gambit to Manage Diabetes Theng Yin Leng
Schubert Foo
Submitted 2020

Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy
M.A.Sc. Master of Applied Science
M.Phil. Master of Philosophy