CM8001

It is very expensive and yet is not a very efficient process – not energy-efficient. The residue is very saline brine, which is hard to dispose of without causing too many environmental problems.

Water-soluble vitamins are polar compounds while fat-soluble vitamins are non-polar compounds. For vitamins to be water-soluble, they have to form favorable bonds with water molecules, such as ion-dipole interactions. These vitamins are also hydrophilic. On the other hand, lipid molecules are hydrophobic and can form Van Der waals forces of interactions. Hence, fat-soluble molecules have to be able to form these interactions as well. Like dissolves like; therefore polar compounds can only be dissolved in polar solvents while non-polar compounds can only be dissolved in non-polar solvents. Vitamins differ in the functional groups they have, and some functional groups can add polarity to the vitamin compound. An excess of water-soluble vitamins will be removed from the body through the urine, while an excess of fat-soluble vitamins will be accumulated in the fat molecules (lipids) in the body, and this can be potentially harmful for the individual.

Acid rain is caused by SOx and NOx dissolving in water and increasing the acidity of rain.
a, c and d are examples of how we can reduce electricity usage, which in turn reduces the amount of coal burnt. Since coal contains 1-6% sulfur, this reduces the amount of SOx produced and then simultaneously released into the atmosphere.
b and e are examples of how we can reduce transportation needs, which reduces the amount of NOx produced from automobile traffic.

a. The coal-fired plant will churn out smoke, ash and huge amounts of water vapor (hydrogen and carbon from coal makes more water vapor) that contributes to fog, and then causes poor visibility. There are also small droplets of SO3 (sulfur oxides), which creates smog.

b. The neutral pH of rain is around 4-5, which is one pH value lesser than the normal pH of rain, 5-6.