Ultimately, pronunciation and speech perception are the most difficult aspects of a second language to learn. Past research has shown that some training methods can be used to aid the speech production and perception of second language learners, although they have varying outcomes. It is clear that speech perception and production do not use identical cognitive resources, as better L2 speech perception does not necessarily lead to improved L2 speech production. Finally, as technology progresses, more software can be incorporated to make L2 speech production and perceptual training methods more effective, and maybe even include a greater use of games to motivate L2 learners.